Hierarchically 3D porous films electrochemically constructed on gas–liquid–solid three-phase interface for energy application

Abstract

Hierarchically porous films constructed on gas–liquid–solid three-phase interface by electrodeposition are reviewed. The formation mechanism of porous structure is discussed. The electrochemical properties of porous films as electrode materials for energy application are highlighted.

Formation of the honeycomb-like MgO/Mg(OH)2 structures with controlled shape and size of holes by molten salt electrolysis

“…The rules seem to be determined by the increase of number of holes originating from the detached hydrogen bubbles, by the decrease of their size, and by coalescence of neighbouring bubbles, as a result of an intensification of hydrogen evolution reaction with the increasing cathodic potential. [11][12][13][14][15] Therefore, it seems logical to discuss the analogies between the formations of honeycomb-like metal structures obtained by the electrolysis from the aqueous electrolytes and the formation of honeycomb-like MgO/Mg(OH) 2 structures obtained by the electrolysis of the magnesium nitrate hexahydrate melt.…”

Flexible Asymmetric Microsupercapacitors from Freestanding Hollow Nickel Microfiber Electrodes

“…Several studies have addressed these issues by fabricating planar MSCs using porous carbon ink, [17] laboratory filter paper, [19] and electrostatic spraying of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and carbon nanotube mixtures. [21,22] Varied porous-electrodes have been reported, comprising, for example, Au nanostructures, [23] carbon cloth, [24] aligned carbon nanotubes, [25] and nickel foam. Other strategies have focused on chemical means for creation of porous electrode exhibiting high surface areas, serving as a scaffold for deposition of the electrochemically active material.…”

“…The highmagnification SEM image of the MnO 2 layer in Figure 3A,iii reveals nanoscale surface roughness, further increasing the electroactive surface area of the electrode. [21] Cross-sectional SEM image of the MnO 2 -coated Ni electrode shows uniform coating over the entire Ni electrode with just a small increase in the overall thickness of the electrode ( Figure S2 www.advelectronicmat.de Figure 3B,C depicts the electrochemical properties of the MnO 2 -coated Ni microfiber electrode. The experiments were carried out in a three-electrode system using 1 m Na 2 SO 4 solution as the electrolyte.…”

An Electrochemically Synthesized Nanoporous Copper Microsensor for Highly Sensitive and Selective Determination of Glyphosate

“…NPC materials have been mainly synthesized by electrochemical methods such as dealloying of a copper-containing alloy [31,32] and template-assisted electrodeposition from a copper precur-sor solution. [33,34] The main advantage of such electrosynthesis approaches is a fine-tuning of the nanoporous features like struts and pores by modulating the electrodeposition experimental parameters to produce a porous film desired for a particular application. NPC materials were widely investigated in the field of electrochemical sensors to detect glucose, [35] nitrate, [36] nitrite, [37] oxygen, [38] among others.…”