Hierarchical sulfur electrodes as a testing platform for understanding the high-loading capability of Li-S batteries

Chung, Sheng Heng; Chang, Chi Hao; Manthiram, Arumugam

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.10.023

Cited by 48 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…The initial capacity increase observed for rGO@MI_CS at 0.2 C can be probably assigned to the activation of high-loading active material [43]. Similar capacity trends have already been observed and reported in literature [44]. Initial lower values of capacity can also be due to incomplete soaking of the S cathode by the electrolyte.…”

Section: Electrochemical Performancesupporting

confidence: 86%

Dual confinement of sulphur with rGO-wrapped microporous carbon from β-cyclodextrin nanosponges as a cathode material for Li–S batteries

Zubair

Anceschi

Caldera

et al. 2017

J Solid State Electrochem

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A novel approach was developed to synthesize microporous carbon spheres with pores size ranges from 5-11 Å from hyper cross-linked polymer β-cyclodextrin. Sulphur was incorporated in the micropores by solution impregnation followed by melt infusion. The resultant carbon sulphur (C/S) composite was wrapped in reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to provide conductive pathways to access the sulphur in micropores and protect the surface adhered sulphur. The cathode material obtained from rGO wrapping showed an initial discharge capacity of 1103 mA h g -1 at 0.1 C, maintaining a capacity of 626 mA h g -1 at 0.2 C with capacity loss of 0.14 % per cycle for more than 100 cycles. In another cell configuration using carbon paper as an interlayer, discharge capacity raised to 850 mA h g -1 at 0.2 C and maintained it for 100 cycles with excellent rate capability and high Coulombic efficiency. The good performance may be referred to excellent conductive networks, porous architecture of carbon spheres and adsorption of catholyte by fibrous interlayer that can effectively reduce the polysulfide shuttling.

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Section: Electrochemical Performancesupporting

confidence: 86%

Dual confinement of sulphur with rGO-wrapped microporous carbon from β-cyclodextrin nanosponges as a cathode material for Li–S batteries

Zubair

Anceschi

Caldera

et al. 2017

J Solid State Electrochem

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“…They also demonstrated such a concept on sulfur cathodes coated on Al foils by sealing them with carbon film shields. A high sulfur loading of up to 10 mg cm −2 was obtained …”

Section: Separatormentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on High‐Loading and High‐Energy Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Peng

Huang

Cheng

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

1,425

1,112

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Owing to high specific energy, low cost, and environmental friendliness, lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries hold great promise to meet the increasing demand for advanced energy storage beyond portable electronics, and to mitigate environmental problems. However, the application of Li–S batteries is challenged by several obstacles, including their short life and low sulfur utilization, which become more serious when sulfur loading is increased to the practically accepted level above 3–5 mg cm−2. More and more efforts have been made recently to overcome the barriers toward commercially viable Li–S batteries with a high sulfur loading. This review highlights the recent progress in high‐sulfur‐loading Li–S batteries enabled by hierarchical design principles at multiscale. Particularly, basic insights into the interfacial reactions, strategies for mesoscale assembly, unique architectures, and configurational innovation in the cathode, anode, and separator are under specific concerns. Hierarchy in the multiscale design is proposed to guide the future development of high‐sulfur‐loading Li–S batteries.

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“…The excellent polysulfide retention is attributed to the hierarchical electrode structure. [ 79 ] The high utilization and retention of the upper plateau discharge capacity indicates the suppressed diffusion of the LiPSs, while the high retention of the lower plateau discharge capacity at various rates suggests the thorough conversion of the trapped LiPSs. [ 80 ]…”

Section: Suppressing Shuttling Of the Intermediatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies toward High‐Loading Lithium–Sulfur Battery

Chen

Lei

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

310

176

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despite all these promises, three intrinsic drawbacks need to be resolved before fulfilling the promise of the market potential.First, the most stable but electronically insulating S 8 (≈10 −14 S cm −2 ) with cyclic configuration is used as the starting material in Li-S cathode, significantly limiting the full utilization of the active materials to reach the theoretical capacity. Therefore, it is the first priority to design the cathode that ensures the maximum usage of the starting materials, which sets the upper limit of the capacity performance. Second, the muti-step reduction process releases highly soluble lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) intermediates (Li 2 S x , where x = 4-8) into the organic electrolyte. [6] Unlike the batteries based on ion-insertion mechanism, [7,8] Li-S battery possesses unique and complex electrochemical/chemical processes during operation. During galvanostatic discharge process, two distinct plateaus can be verified at about 2.4 and 2.1 V in the voltage profile, corresponding to the reduction of sulfur into long-chain polysulfides and subsequent reaction from short-chain polysulfides to Li 2 S, respectively. [9] Further investigations about the reaction mechanism of Li-S battery based on experimental and theoretical studies reveal that the existence of various intermediates during electrochemical processes, indicating much more complex battery chemistry compared to the simple stepwise reaction model. [10,11] As a result, the soluble intermediates can diffuse through the polymeric separator to the anode surface, causing the loss of active materials and degradation of anode. Third, the density difference between the starting material (sulfur, 2.07 g cm −3 ) and discharge product (Li 2 S, 1.66 g cm −3 ) causes significant volumetric change during continuous cycling, damaging the integrity of the cathode structure and leading to serious capacity fading. [12] Besides above problems concerning the cathode side of the Li-S battery, other issues arose on the anode side, such as the unstable solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI), surface passivation, and uncontrolled lithium dendrite growth. [13][14][15] Stemmed from the basic problems mentioned above from the very beginning of the designed Li-S battery systems, various derivative problems were gradually unraveled during persistent efforts for improving the battery performance to approach the ultimate goal for commercialization. In the past decade, fundamental studies about Li-S battery were carried in laboratories all over the world, and it gradually put the puzzle together while brought promising performance improvement. [11,[16][17][18][19][20] However, to date, most of the lab-scale progresses have been based on batteries with sulfur loading lower than 2 mg cm −2 , Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, due to the high theoretical energy density, are regarded as one of the most promising candidates for breaking the limitations of energy-storage system based on Li-ion batteries. Tremendous efforts have been made to meet the challenge of high-performan...

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Hierarchical sulfur electrodes as a testing platform for understanding the high-loading capability of Li-S batteries

Cited by 48 publications

References 64 publications

Dual confinement of sulphur with rGO-wrapped microporous carbon from β-cyclodextrin nanosponges as a cathode material for Li–S batteries

Dual confinement of sulphur with rGO-wrapped microporous carbon from β-cyclodextrin nanosponges as a cathode material for Li–S batteries

Review on High‐Loading and High‐Energy Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Strategies toward High‐Loading Lithium–Sulfur Battery

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