Hierarchical and Complex ZnO Nanostructures by Microwave-Assisted Synthesis: Morphologies, Growth Mechanism and Classification

Mohammadi, Elham; Mahmood, Asif; Hasanpoor, Meisam; Chipara, Mircea

doi:10.1080/10408436.2017.1397501

Cited by 48 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 354 publications

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“…As a result, such a process can be designed, which produces nanometric materials that are difficult to procure by other methods [40,41]. An example is zinc oxide, which is usually obtained in the form of a powder with an average grain diameter of above 100 nm [42], while as a result of a solvothermal-microwave process, the average grain diameter can be even less than 60 nm [43].…”

Section: Inorganic Synthesis Of Nanomaterialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Trends in the Development of Microwave Reactors for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials in Laboratories and Industries: A Review

et al. 2018

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Microwave energy has been in use for many applications for more than 50 years, from communication, food processing, and wood drying to chemical reactions and medical therapy. The areas, where microwave technology is applied, include drying, calcination, decomposition, powder synthesis, sintering, and chemical process control. Before the year 2000, microwaves were used to produce ceramics, semiconductors, polymers, and inorganic materials; in next years, some new attempts were made as well. Nowadays, it has been found that microwave sintering can also be applied to sintered powder and ceramics and is more effective than conventional sintering. Particularly interesting is its use for the synthesis of nanomaterials. This review identifies the main sources of microwave generation, the delivery mechanisms of microwave energy, and the typical designs and configurations of microwave devices, as well as the measurement and construction material problems related to microwave technology. We focus our attention on the configurations, materials, optimized geometries, and solvents used for microwave devices, providing examples of products, especially nanoparticles and other nanomaterials. The identified microwave devices are divided into four groups, depending on the scale, the maximum pressure developed, the highest temperature for sintering, or other special multi-functions. The challenges of using microwave energy for the synthesis of nanopowders have been identified as well. The desirable characteristics of microwave reactors in the synthesis of nanostructures, as well as their superiority over conventional synthetic methods, have been presented. We have also provided a review of the commercial and self-designed microwave reactors, digestors, and sintering furnaces for technology for synthesis of nanomaterials and other industries.

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Section: Inorganic Synthesis Of Nanomaterialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Trends in the Development of Microwave Reactors for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials in Laboratories and Industries: A Review

et al. 2018

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“…Recently metal and metal oxide nanoparticles have increased the interest to be used in many areas of technology [1][2][3][4]. Among various metal oxides nanoparticles, zinc oxide (ZnO) has received much attention due to its unique physical, chemical and effective biological properties [5]. Usually ZnO nanoparticle has higher durability, less toxicity and high heat resistance which make it attractive for transparent electronics, piezoelectric, catalytic reactions and more specially in biomedical application like delivery of biomolecules (drug, gene, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave assisted synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles in a noble approach: utilization for antibacterial and photocatalytic activity

et al. 2020

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In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle was synthesized by a novel route of microwave assisted method using ascorbic acid and PVA as capping agent and stabilizing agent. A prominent peak at 378 nm by UV absorption ensured the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. The crystalline property revealed that synthesized ZnO nanoparticle is highly crystalline having wurtzite structure. A significant band at ~ 498 to 557 cm −1 in FTIR was assigned to the characteristic stretching mode of Zn-O bond. EDX spectrum showed that ZnO nano particles were composed only with Zinc and oxygen. SEM image disclosed that ZnO nanoparticles were spherical in shape with an average particle size of 70-90 nm for the combined effect. The antimicrobial and ant-biofilm application of synthesized ZnO nanoparticle was studied against Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella spp. SK4, E. coli RN89, E. coli (gram-negative) and S. aureus-8a (gram-positive) bacteria and exhibited excellent activity against the strains. Prepared nanoparticle also found to possess outstanding photocatalytic activity against methylene blue degradation under sunlight with a T 50 and T 80 value of 71.44 and 165.87 min respectively.

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“…The heating of substances by microwave radiation has already been thoroughly described in the literature by numerous scholars [ 428 , 429 , 430 , 431 , 432 , 433 , 434 , 435 , 436 , 437 , 438 , 439 , 440 , 441 , 442 , 443 , 444 , 445 , 446 , 447 , 448 , 449 , 450 , 451 , 452 , 453 , 454 , 455 , 456 , 457 ]. Microwave heating (MH) is based on the transformation of electromagnetic field energy stemming from microwave radiation into kinetic energy (heat) by interacting with the polar particles of the material.…”

Section: Microwave Heatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Shorter duration of syntheses/processes. Microwave synthesis, depending on type of organic compound obtaining, may be 5–2500 times quicker than in the case of the same syntheses carried out by conventional thermal methods [ 429 , 433 , 471 ]. Fewer side reactions [ 472 , 473 ].…”

Section: Microwave Heatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…medical waste, garbage, sludge) [ 447 ]; medical applications (np. sterilisation, drying, diagnosis, novel methods for treating inoperable tumours) [ 447 , 484 ]; analytical chemistry (laboratory sample processing, ashing, digestion, extraction, moisture analysis) [ 432 , 485 ]; chemical reactions: organic and inorganic synthesis (microwave assisted synthesis of e.g., medications, polymers and nanomaterials) [ 406 , 407 , 429 , 430 , 431 , 432 , 433 , 434 , 435 , 436 , 437 , 438 , 439 , 440 , 441 , 442 , 443 , 444 , 447 , 455 , 475 , 476 , 477 , 478 , 479 , 480 , 486 , 487 , 488 , 489 , 490 , 491 , 492 , 493 , 494 , 495 ]. …”

Section: Microwave Heatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Microwave Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials: Reactants, Process Parameters and Morphologies

2020

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Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a multifunctional material due to its exceptional physicochemical properties and broad usefulness. The special properties resulting from the reduction of the material size from the macro scale to the nano scale has made the application of ZnO nanomaterials (ZnO NMs) more popular in numerous consumer products. In recent years, particular attention has been drawn to the development of various methods of ZnO NMs synthesis, which above all meet the requirements of the green chemistry approach. The application of the microwave heating technology when obtaining ZnO NMs enables the development of new methods of syntheses, which are characterised by, among others, the possibility to control the properties, repeatability, reproducibility, short synthesis duration, low price, purity, and fulfilment of the eco-friendly approach criterion. The dynamic development of materials engineering is the reason why it is necessary to obtain ZnO NMs with strictly defined properties. The present review aims to discuss the state of the art regarding the microwave synthesis of undoped and doped ZnO NMs. The first part of the review presents the properties of ZnO and new applications of ZnO NMs. Subsequently, the properties of microwave heating are discussed and compared with conventional heating and areas of application are presented. The final part of the paper presents reactants, parameters of processes, and the morphology of products, with a division of the microwave synthesis of ZnO NMs into three primary groups, namely hydrothermal, solvothermal, and hybrid methods.

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Hierarchical and Complex ZnO Nanostructures by Microwave-Assisted Synthesis: Morphologies, Growth Mechanism and Classification

Cited by 48 publications

References 354 publications

Current Trends in the Development of Microwave Reactors for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials in Laboratories and Industries: A Review

Current Trends in the Development of Microwave Reactors for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials in Laboratories and Industries: A Review

Microwave assisted synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles in a noble approach: utilization for antibacterial and photocatalytic activity

A Review of Microwave Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials: Reactants, Process Parameters and Morphologies

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