Hexosomal Dispersion: A Nano-Based Approach to Boost the Antifungal Potential of Citrus Essential Oils against Plant Fungal Pathogens

Abstract

The demand for natural fungicides to replace synthetic ones has surged since toxic residues persist in soils, causing environmental contamination and posing a serious threat to worldwide public health. In the context of crop protection and enhancing the efficiency and safety of fungicides, nanotechnology is an eco-friendly strategy in managing fungal pathogens. In the present study, essential oils were isolated from the peels of four citrus fruits (Citrus lemon, Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus maxima, and Citrus sinensis) and were investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis. Monoterpene hydrocarbon was the most predominant group and limonene was the most abundant in the four oils. The antifungal potential of the oils was investigated, and the most active oil (Citrus lemon) was loaded into hexosomal dispersion, and its antifungal potential was retested against the same fungi. The structurally unique nano-based formulation showed great potency for fungal control. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time the oil of Citrus lemon in nano-hexosomes has been formulated and its fungicidal activity examined. The data collected suggest that citrus essential oils (CEOs), especially when nano-formulated, could be successfully used in integrated fungus management programs.

A Comparative GC/MS Analysis of Citrus Essential Oils: Unveiling the Potential Benefits of Herb‐Drug Interactions in Preventing Paracetamol‐Induced Hepatotoxicity

“…D‐limonene, β‐myrcene, β‐sabinene, and α‐pinene were identified in all samples. D‐limonene is the major monoterpene hydrocarbon in all oil samples, representing 94.46, 92.98, 92.82, and 89.75 % in KO, OO, MO, and GO, respectively (Table 2), in agreement with other reported data [21] . Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons are detected in KO, OO, and GO with a percents of 2.19, 0.82, and 0.44 %, respectively [22] .…”

“…D-limonene is the major monoterpene hydrocarbon in all oil samples, representing 94.46, 92.98, 92.82, and 89.75 % in KO, OO, MO, and GO, respectively (Table 2), in agreement with other reported data. [21] Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons are detected in KO, OO, and GO with a percents of 2.19, 0.82, and 0.44 %, respectively. [22] While they were completely absent in MO, which aligned with the literature.…”

Unveiling Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Compositional Differences between Dukkah and Za’atar via SPME-GCMS and HPLC-DAD

“…Natural antimicrobial compounds have a wide range of applications, particularly in food and biomedical applications [ 40 ]. Essential oils’ vapor phase antimicrobial potential has numerous applications in food preservation [ 41 ].…”

Effectiveness of Essential Oils from Three Medicinal Plants Against Bayoud Disease (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis) of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

“…albedinis. Sweet C. lemon, C. aurantifolia, C. maxima, and Citrus sinensis essential oil were reported to inhibit the growth of several fungal species, such as fungal species, such as R.solani, S.rolfsii, F.solani, F.oxysporum, F.semtectium, B.cinerea, and A. alternate (Sedeek et al, 2021). Their high content of monoterpenes, particularly limonene, may be responsible for their powerful antifungal effect (Singh et al, 2010).…”