Heterogeneous Integration of 2D Materials: Recent Advances in Fabrication and Functional Device Applications

Abstract

A comprehensive review of the fabrication process, fundamental properties and functionalities and device applications of heterogeneously integrated two-dimensional (2D) materials is provided. An extensive library of atomic 2D materials with selectable material properties exists and it is rapidly expanding, with which it is possible to construct hybrid or heterostructures that display novel properties with unique functionalities. Such heterostructures adding a degree of freedom to carriers in the third direction provide interesting possibilities for the design of functional novel devices. The subject of 2D heterostructures has now become so vast that no single article can cover the entire topic in any reasonable manner. This review is intended to bridge the gap between the major developments already discovered and current trends in 2D heterostructures.

Up-scalable emerging energy conversion technologies enabled by 2D materials: from miniature power harvesters towards grid-connected energy systems

“…23,[83][84][85][86][87] A detailed discussion of these fascinating properties and their relevance to efficient electricity generation upon various external stimulus will be presented per material family in Section 3. 22,24,[88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99] Ever since the discovery of graphene, plenty of 2D materials have been investigated, such as graphene oxide (GO) and derivatives, [100][101][102] graphdiyne, 103 group-VA semiconductors, 104 phosphides, 105 transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC), [106][107][108][109][110] transition metal carbides/carbonitrides (MXenes) 78,[111][112][113] and black phosphorous (BP), just to name a few. 74,87,114,115 The absence of an inherent E G in graphene restricts its applicability Fig.…”

“…2f) exhibiting tuneable properties towards unique device functionalities such as p-n and tunnelling diodes, light-emitting diodes/ transistors and PV elements. 4,24,27,88,89,91,[115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123] A prerequisite for the massive deployment of GRM-enabled energy harvesters, and devices with commercialization potential in general, is the wide availability of high-throughput formulation techniques able to attain high GRM production volumes at low cost. At this point, it is noted that this review focuses on GRMenabled energy harvesting demonstrators, thus an exhaustive presentation of GRM general properties, material formulation techniques, device fabrication methods and applications not related to energy conversion, is out of the manuscript's scope.…”

“…85 Recent breakthroughs on GRM's transferring processes from an initial substrate where growth is performed, to any targeted substrate are expected to boost further the GRM-based device applications, and bring GRM closer into the semiconductor manufacturing lines. 66,88,143 A generic processing for GRM integration by adhesive wafer bonding in CMOS technologies was recently demonstrated by Quellmalz et al, by either transferring a GRM monolayer or even heterostructure (Fig. 6a).…”

2D material hybrid heterostructures: achievements and challenges towards high throughput fabrication

“…and are thus optimised for minimal operating costs (e.g., environmental temperature and pressure), swift mass-production (i.e., printing speeds > 100 m min -1 ) and compatibility with flexible materials (i.e., paper, plastic, and textiles optimal for flexible and wearable electronics). 51 Several reviews have been published on 2D materials heterostructures 26,[30][31][32][38][39][40][41][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] focusing on material synthesis and characterisation of their chemical, physical, and optoelectronic properties. For state-of-the-art fabrication of 2D/3D heterostructures, we refer the readers to the critical survey by Kim et al, on the production of 2D materials onto bulk materials and vice versa.…”

Non-Carbon 2D Materials-Based Field-Effect Transistor Biosensors: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

“…The huge pool of non-carbon 2D materials covers a large number of materials with a huge variation in properties, from insulators to conductors. More details on the growing library of the 2D materials can be found in these references [ 25 , 26 ]. Therefore, researchers have taken those materials into many applications, including FET-based biosensors.…”