Heterogeneous catalysts for the conversion of CO2 into cyclic and polymeric carbonates

Dyes as efficient and reusable organocatalysts for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO2

“…7,22 This limitation is intrinsically overcome with heterogeneous catalysts, though this typically comes at the cost of lower catalytic activity due to worse accessibility for the active sites. [37][38][39][40][41][42] Therefore, designing metal-free bifunctional catalysts that combine the advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts while avoiding their limitations is a desirable yet challenging target.…”

“…[33][34][35] This type of metal-free bifunctional catalyst design has been developed both for homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. 10,23,36,37 The homogeneous ones generally display higher activity but suffer from complex and costly catalyst separation and recycling. 7,22 This limitation is intrinsically overcome with heterogeneous catalysts, though this typically comes at the cost of lower catalytic activity due to worse accessibility for the active sites.…”