“…The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 differ substantially in severity, varying from asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic to severe or critical illness [ 3 , 4 ]. Among the infected individuals with symptoms, the majority presented with mild illness [ 5 – 7 ], while approximately 10% progressed to a severe or critical stage requiring intensive care or mechanical ventilation support [ 8 , 9 ]. The variation in symptoms or severity of COVID-19 might be attributed to some known risk factors, including males [ 10 ], older age [ 11 ], alcohol consumption [ 12 ], menopause [ 13 ], smoking [ 14 ], and underlying comorbidities (e.g., hypertension [ 14 , 15 ], diabetes [ 14 – 16 ], cardiovascular disease [ 14 – 16 ], chronic pulmonary disease [ 15 – 17 ], obesity [ 15 , 18 ], cancer [ 15 , 19 ], and immunodeficiencies [ 15 ]).…”