Heterogeneity of antigen expression and lectin labeling on microglial cells in the olfactory bulb of adult rats

Wu, Ching Hsiang; Chien, Hsiung–Fei; Chang, Chiu-Yun; Ling, Eng‐Ang

doi:10.1016/s0168-0102(97)01178-4

Cited by 25 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The double origin of microglial precursors in the retina is compatible with the notion that microglia of the CNS are a heterogeneous population of cells with different immune phenotypes (Gehrmann and Kreutzberg, 1991;Streit and Graeber, 1993;Mander and Morris, 1995;Wu et al, 1997). This phenotypic heterogeneity has also been described in the human (Penfold et al, 1991(Penfold et al, , 1993 and rat retina (Dick et al, 1995;Zhang et al, 1997).…”

Section: Entry Into the Retina Of Microglial Precursorssupporting

confidence: 73%

Circumferential migration of ameboid microglia in the margin of the developing quail retina

Marín‐Teva

Calvente

Cuadros

et al. 1999

Glia

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Section: Entry Into the Retina Of Microglial Precursorssupporting

confidence: 73%

Circumferential migration of ameboid microglia in the margin of the developing quail retina

Marín‐Teva

Calvente

Cuadros

et al. 1999

Glia

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“…In addition to the initial reports regarding the regional differences in microglia density (Lawson et al, 1990;Mittelbronn et al, 2001), recently a region-dependent variety in the expression levels of cell surface markers on microglial cells has also been described (De Haas et al, 2008;Jiang-Shieh et al, 2003;Wu et al, 1997). Furthermore, upon activation microglia have been shown to acquire a range of different phenotypes depending on the stimulus (Hanisch and Kettenmann, 2007;Ransohoff and Perry, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

An optimized protocol for the acute isolation of human microglia from autopsy brain samples

Olah¹,

Raj²,

Brouwer³

et al. 2011

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Microglia are increasingly recognized to be crucially involved in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis of the brain and spinal cord. Not surprisingly is therefore the growing scientific interest in the microglia phenotypes associated with various physiological and pathological processes of the central nervous system. Until recently the investigation of these phenotypes was hindered by the lack of an isolation protocol that (without an extended culturing period) would offer a microglia population of high purity and yield. Thus, our objective was to establish a rapid and efficient method for the isolation of human microglia from postmortem brain samples. We tested multiple elements of already existing protocols (e.g., density separation, immunomagnetic bead separation) and combined them to minimize preparation time and maximize yield and purity. The procedure presented in this article enables acute isolation of human microglia from autopsy (and biopsy) samples with a purity and yield that is suitable for downstream applications, such as protein and gene expression analysis and functional assays. Moreover, the present protocol is appropriate for the isolation of microglia from autopsy samples irrespective of the neurological state of the brain or specific brain regions and (with minor modification) could be even used for the isolation of microglia from human glioma tissue.

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“…During injuries or other CNS disturbances, resting microglia respond to signals from the site of the injury and become 'activated'. Indeed, several groups have reported that in the normal CNS, resident microglia in different brain regions do express different levels of immunological markers (Lawson et al, 1990;Elkabes et al, 1996;Wu et al, 1997;Schmid et al, 2002;Carson et al, 2007;de Haas et al, 2008). Microglial activation is multifaceted because activated microglia are capable of producing both toxic and trophic effectors; studies have shown that whether activated microglia promote neurotoxicity or neuroprotection is dependant on the specific activating signal (Nakajima and Kohsaka, 2004;Hanisch and Kettenmann, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neonatal rat microglia derived from different brain regions have distinct activation responses

et al. 2011

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The regional heterogeneity of neuronal phenotypes is a well-known phenomenon. Whether or not glia derived from different brain regions are phenotypically and functionally distinct is less clear. Here, we show that microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, display region-specific responses for activating agents including glutamate (GLU), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). Primary microglial cultures were prepared from brainstem (Brs), cortex (Ctx), hippocampus (Hip), striatum (Str) and thalamus (Thl) of 1-day-old rats and were shown to upregulate the release of nitric oxide (NO) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in a region- and activator-specific manner. With respect to ATP specifically, ATP-induced changes in microglial tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) release, GLU uptake and purinergic receptor expression were also regionally different. When co-cultured with hypoxia (Hyp)-injured neurons, ATP-stimulated microglia from different regions induced different levels of neurotoxicity. These region-specific responses could be altered by pre-conditioning the microglia in a different neurochemical milieu, with taurine (TAU) being one of the key molecules involved. Together, our results demonstrate that microglia display a regional heterogeneity when activated, and this heterogeneity likely arises from differences in the environment surrounding the microglia. These findings present an additional mechanism that may help to explain the regional selectiveness of various brain pathologies.

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Heterogeneity of antigen expression and lectin labeling on microglial cells in the olfactory bulb of adult rats

Cited by 25 publications

References 26 publications

Circumferential migration of ameboid microglia in the margin of the developing quail retina

Circumferential migration of ameboid microglia in the margin of the developing quail retina

An optimized protocol for the acute isolation of human microglia from autopsy brain samples

Neonatal rat microglia derived from different brain regions have distinct activation responses

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