Heterogeneity of <i>Pestivirus</i> Species in Asia

Abstract

Pestivirus are responsible for cosmopolitan diseases affecting cattle, pigs and other ruminants, presenting a wide range of clinical manifestations, with relevant impact on zootechnic production. Understanding genomic characteristic and virus taxonomy is fundamental in order to sustain control and prophylactic programs. Given the recent various studies reporting a relatively high number of new strains, in particular from Asian countries, in the present study, six hundred-fifty-one genomic sequences have been considered applying the palindromic nucleotide substitutions method for genotyping. Based on the secondary structure analysis of the 5' untranslated region of RNA, sequence characteristics among Asian genomic clusters within the different Pestivirus species suggested geographic segregation and occurrence of micro-evolutive steps in the genus evolutionary history. This aspect was particularly evident in atypical sequences originated from China or Turkey, indicating risk of diffusion by animals and products trade or contamination of biological products as bovine calf serum, with potential diagnostic and control difficulties.

Pestivirus A Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 species genotypes circulating in China and Turkey.

“…The taxonomy of the Pestivirus A, BVDV-1, species was updated and clarified, in particular with concern to the strains of Chinese and Turkish origin, both reported as genotype 1v. In order to verify their allocation in the genus, sequences have been compared with other Pestivirus species strains previously analyzed by the PNS method ( Giangaspero and Apicella, 2014 ; Giangaspero et al , 2018 , 2019b ), reaching a total number of 1,487 observations obtained with PNS procedure. Divergence values were used as reference for genotype and sub genotype allocation of the considered strains (divergence limit value of 9 and 6 bps, respectively).…”

“…In addition, two strains were isolated in small ruminants ( Capra hircus ) from China ( Mao et al , 2016 ). BVDV-1 species strains ( n = 88), reference for the different genotypes reported in the species, previously analyzed by the PNS method ( Giangaspero and Apicella, 2014 ; Giangaspero et al , 2018 , 2019b ) have also been evaluated in the present study, in order to verify the allocation in the BVDV-1 species.…”

A Critical Review about Different Vaccines against Classical Swine Fever Virus and Their Repercussions in Endemic Regions

“…This CSFV-strain is genetically distant from the previously reported CSFV genotypes, which has been found circulating in cattle, and it has been recently suggested as a new outgroup into the CSFV specie [ 209 ]. Likewise, other CSFV isolates have been found circulating in cattle in this country as evidence of spillover from pigs [ 210 ]. However, if all these new emergent strains are a direct consequence of the inefficient vaccination, it needs to be addressed in future studies.…”