A Critical Review about Different Vaccines against Classical Swine Fever Virus and Their Repercussions in Endemic Regions

Abstract

Classical swine fever (CSF) is, without any doubt, one of the most devasting viral infectious diseases affecting the members of Suidae family, which causes a severe impact on the global economy. The reemergence of CSF virus (CSFV) in several countries in America, Asia, and sporadic outbreaks in Europe, sheds light about the serious concern that a potential global reemergence of this disease represents. The negative aspects related with the application of mass stamping out policies, including elevated costs and ethical issues, point out vaccination as the main control measure against future outbreaks. Hence, it is imperative for the scientific community to continue with the active investigations for more effective vaccines against CSFV. The current review pursues to gather all the available information about the vaccines in use or under developing stages against CSFV. From the perspective concerning the evolutionary viral process, this review also discusses the current problematic in CSF-endemic countries.

Understanding the Genetic Diversity of Picobirnavirus: A Classification Update Based on Phylogenetic and Pairwise Sequence Comparison Approaches

“…However, until the differentiation of CSFV from BVDV as distinct species, their vast differences in virulence and destructive implications for the pig industry were not appreciated. Whereas BVDV infection poses a lesser threat without restriction for herd movement, CSFV can spread rapidly in pigs and cause high mortality, requiring stringent sanitary protocols, restriction of movement/export, vaccinations, and culling of herds [ 56 , 57 ]. While there is no evidence for a host–species demarcation in PBV, our results provide a solid future basis for determining whether certain strains of this genus are linked to specific clinical condition in a given host.…”

Development of a Dendrimeric Peptide-Based Approach for the Differentiation of Animals Vaccinated with FlagT4G against Classical Swine Fever from Infected Pigs

“…The control and eradication of CSF at a global level continues to be a challenge in animal health [ 1 , 2 , 25 ]. Vaccination remains the most feasible strategy to achieve this goal [ 3 , 26 , 27 ]. However, eradication policies have not always been based on vaccination, but rather on strict serological surveillance and stamping out, which has proved costly and inadequate from an ethical and animal welfare standpoint [ 28 , 29 ].…”

Anti-Classical Swine Fever Virus Strategies

“…Currently, prophylactic vaccination is still the primary strategy for preventing and controlling CSF in CSF-endemic regions. Traditional CSF live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) strains, such as C-strain, LPC strain, LK-VNIVViM strain, GPE-strain, Thiverval strain, and PAV-250 strain, could provide an effective, rapid, and solid immune protection against CSFV infection and have been widely used to fight CSF [26]. Although traditional LAVs are effective and safe, they lack a serological concept of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA).…”

“…Holinka et al [27] reported that FlagT4Gv, a live attenuated marker vaccine, could induce protection against challenge with virulent CSFV as early as three days post-vaccination and an increase of IFN-α three days after FlagT4Gv vaccination might play an important role in the immune protection, which meant that a novel CSF LAV with DIVA capabilities was a good choice for CSF control. Additionally, in recent years, novel subunit marker vaccines based on the CSFV E2 protein have been developed for alternative options against CSF [26]. For example, a commercial CSF marker vaccine TWJ-E2 ® (Tecon Bio-technology Co., Ltd., Urumqi, China), containing a baculovirus-expressed E2 glycoprotein of vaccine C-strain of genotype 1.1, was reported to provide complete protection to pigs against lethal challenge with virulent Shimen strain of genotype 1.1 and heterologous strains of genotype 2 [28,29].…”