2012
DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200005
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Heterodyne detected nonlinear optical imaging in a lock‐in free manner

Abstract: We report a compact, cost‐effective tuned amplifier for frequency‐selective amplification of the modulated signal in heterodyne detected nonlinear optical microscopy. Our method improved the signal to noise ratio by an order of magnitude compared to conventional lock‐in detection, as demonstrated through stimulated Raman scattering imaging of live cells and tissues at the speed of 2 μsec/pixel. Application of the tuned amplifier to transient absorption microscopy is also demonstrated. The increased signal to n… Show more

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Cited by 65 publications
(63 citation statements)
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“…Another advance in instrumentation was an alternative to the lock-in detection of the modulated light, instead using a tunable amplifier (TAMP). This reduced the Johnson-Nyquist noise, which dominates over shot noise at low laser power, compared with lock-in techniques, showing an order of magnitude improvement in signal-to-noise [247]. This was also extended to a TAMP array to allow multiplexed SRS measurements without using multiple lock-in amplifiers [248].…”
Section: Typical Systemmentioning
confidence: 98%
“…Another advance in instrumentation was an alternative to the lock-in detection of the modulated light, instead using a tunable amplifier (TAMP). This reduced the Johnson-Nyquist noise, which dominates over shot noise at low laser power, compared with lock-in techniques, showing an order of magnitude improvement in signal-to-noise [247]. This was also extended to a TAMP array to allow multiplexed SRS measurements without using multiple lock-in amplifiers [248].…”
Section: Typical Systemmentioning
confidence: 98%
“…For SRS imaging, we detected the stimulated Raman loss (SRL) signal, where the Stokes beam was blocked by a bandpass filter (825∕150 nm, Chroma Technologies, Bellows Falls, Vermont). The signal in the pump beam was then amplified with a resonant amplifier 10,31 and extracted by a lock-in amplifier (HF2LI, Zurich Instrument, Switzerland). The wavelengths of the pump and Stokes beams were selected to 830 and 1087 nm, respectively, and the frequency difference of 2854 cm −1 resonated with the symmetric stretch of CH 2 .…”
Section: Srs Microscopementioning
confidence: 99%
“…A tuned amplifier is a compact alternative for frequency selective signal amplification as in SRS allowing pixel dwell times of 2 ms [101].…”
Section: Speedmentioning
confidence: 99%