Heteroatom‐Doped Porous Carbon Materials with Unprecedented High Volumetric Capacitive Performance

Abstract

The design of carbon‐based materials with a high mass density and large porosity has always been a challenging goal, since they fulfill the demands of next‐generation supercapacitors and other electrochemical devices. We report a new class of high‐density heteroatom‐doped porous carbon that can be used as an aqueous‐based supercapacitor material. The material was synthesized by an in situ dehalogenation reaction between a halogenated conjugated diene and nitrogen‐containing nucleophiles. Under the given conditions, pyridinium salts can only continue to perform the dehalogenation if there is residue water remaining from the starting materials. The obtained carbon materials are highly doped by various heteroatoms, leading to high densities, abundant multimodal pores, and an excellent volumetric capacitive performance. Porous carbon tri‐doped with nitrogen, phosphorous, and oxygen exhibits a high packing density (2.13 g cm−3) and an exceptional volumetric energy density (36.8 Wh L−1) in alkaline electrolytes, making it competitive to even some Ni‐MH cells.

Heteroatom‐Doped and Oxygen‐Functionalized Nanocarbons for High‐Performance Supercapacitors

“…[215] Due to the synergistic effect of multidopants, the high-density N/P-doped and O-functionalized porous carbon exhibits high volumetric capacitance of 925 F cm −3 in 0.5 m H 2 SO 4 (434.7 F g −1 at 0.1 A g −1 vs Ag/AgCl) and 760 F cm −3 in 6 m KOH (356.9 at 1 A g −1 vs Hg/HgO, 629 F cm −3 and 295.2 F g −1 in 2E). [265] The enhanced performances of N/P-doped and O-functionalized activated carbon are attributed to the PN and PC bond formation. [266] It is important to note that the capacitance retention of N/P-doped and O-functionalized activated carbons is found to enhance with the decrease in pyrophosphate content and the improvement in the heterogeneity of the carbon surface.…”

“…[267] The N/P-doped and O-functionalized porous carbon also shows its ability to operate in the potential window up to 1.5 V in KOH electrolyte versus Hg/HgO which leads to a higher volumetric energy density and competitive performance compared with some Ni-metal hydride cells. [265]…”

The Cathode Choice for Commercialization of Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Layered Transition Metal Oxides versus Prussian Blue Analogs

“…The race to develop a high‐efficiency, low‐cost, and easily accessible alternative to the present ubiquitous LIBs is going on in laboratories all over the world. Among all the candidates, sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are especially attractive due to the abundance and even distribution of sodium resources 7–9. Moreover, they are cheaper, safer, and possible to yield faster charging, as well as having a wider operating temperature range (−20 to +60 °C) compared to LIBs.…”

Carbonized thiourea formaldehyde resin blending polypyrrole hollow spheres composites with improved supercapacitor performances as electrodes

“…To further study the influence of PPy hollow spheres on the chemical structure of the electrode material, the XPS measurement was carried out, and the results were shown in Table and Figure . The components of C, N, O, and S of CTF and CTF/PPy are resolved by deconvolution of the high‐resolution C 1s (284.8 eV ± 0.1 eV), N 1s (398.3 eV ± 0.1 eV), O 1s (531.8 eV ± 0.2 eV), and S 2p (163.9 eV ± 0.2 eV) spectra in Figure a . In Figure b, the C 1s spectra of CTF and CTF/PPy are divided into three peaks representing CC, CC, and CH (284.6 eV), CN/CO (285.8 eV), and CO (287.8 eV), respectively .…”