Herpesvirus Infections of the Central Nervous System

Bharucha, Tehmina; Houlihan, Catherine; Breuer, Judith

doi:10.1055/s-0039-1687837

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 109 publications

(127 reference statements)

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“…Varicella zoster virus (VZV) belongs to the α-herpesvirus family ( 277 ). This virus is highly infectious (about 90% of adults are infected) and produces “varicella”, also known as “chickenpox”, a self-limiting disease which is commonly experienced during childhood and is characterized by widespread vesicular rash and fever, that usually resolves in 1-2 weeks ( 278 – 280 ).…”

Section: Role Of Viral Infections In Older Adultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aging and Options to Halt Declining Immunity to Virus Infections

et al. 2021

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Immunosenescence is a process associated with aging that leads to dysregulation of cells of innate and adaptive immunity, which may become dysfunctional. Consequently, older adults show increased severity of viral and bacterial infections and impaired responses to vaccinations. A better understanding of the process of immunosenescence will aid the development of novel strategies to boost the immune system in older adults. In this review, we focus on major alterations of the immune system triggered by aging, and address the effect of chronic viral infections, effectiveness of vaccination of older adults and strategies to improve immune function in this vulnerable age group.

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Section: Role Of Viral Infections In Older Adultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aging and Options to Halt Declining Immunity to Virus Infections

et al. 2021

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“…Several neurotropic viruses may reach and infect the central nervous system (CNS) [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ], including herpesviruses (herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and varicella zoster virus (VZV)), several arboviruses (West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, and chikungunya viruses), enteroviruses, henipaviruses, Ebola virus, and rabies virus [ 5 ]. These pathogens can cause a variety of nervous system diseases, such as encephalitis, flaccid paralysis, inflammatory immune disorders, or meningitis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection in Demyelination of the Central Nervous System

Bello-Morales

Andreu

Löpez‐Guerrero

2020

IJMS

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Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus that infects the peripheral and central nervous systems. After primary infection in epithelial cells, HSV-1 spreads retrogradely to the peripheral nervous system (PNS), where it establishes a latent infection in the trigeminal ganglia (TG). The virus can reactivate from the latent state, traveling anterogradely along the axon and replicating in the local surrounding tissue. Occasionally, HSV-1 may spread trans-synaptically from the TG to the brainstem, from where it may disseminate to higher areas of the central nervous system (CNS). It is not completely understood how HSV-1 reaches the CNS, although the most accepted idea is retrograde transport through the trigeminal or olfactory tracts. Once in the CNS, HSV-1 may induce demyelination, either as a direct trigger or as a risk factor, modulating processes such as remyelination, regulation of endogenous retroviruses, or molecular mimicry. In this review, we describe the current knowledge about the involvement of HSV-1 in demyelination, describing the pathways used by this herpesvirus to spread throughout the CNS and discussing the data that suggest its implication in demyelinating processes.

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“…Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are among the most common diseases in humans, largely causing subclinical infections and usually manifesting in ulcerative lesions at the site of infection [ 104 , 105 ]. Immunohistochemistry using polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies has been shown to be a sensitive and specific technique for diagnosing HSV infections when characteristic intranuclear inclusions or multinucleated cells are absent in biopsy specimens [ 2 ].…”

Section: Immunohistochemical Detection Of Viral Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Primary infection with VZV results in varicella and a resurgence in zoster [ 104 ]. The histological features of HSV can be observed in patients with varicella-zoster and it has been possible to identify varicella-zoster in immunohistochemistry by using a monoclonal antibody directed against the VZV envelope glycoprotein gpI [ 108 ] and glycoprotein E [ 109 ].…”

Section: Immunohistochemical Detection Of Viral Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gammaherpesviridae (Epstein-Barr virus and HHV-8) are the only human herpesviruses with an established oncogenic potential, causing a variety of lymphoproliferative and neoplastic disorders [ 103 ]. The viruses of this subfamily replicate in vitro in lymphoblastoid cells, sometimes in epithelioid and fibroblastic cells, and are specific for T or B lymphocytes in which they can induce latent or lytic infections [ 103 , 104 ].…”

Section: Immunohistochemical Detection Of Viral Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immunohistochemical diagnosis of human infectious diseases: a review

et al. 2022

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Background Immunohistochemistry (IHC) using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies is a useful diagnostic method for detecting pathogen antigens in fixed tissues, complementing the direct diagnosis of infectious diseases by PCR and culture on fresh tissues. It was first implemented in a seminal publication by Albert Coons in 1941. Main body Of 14,198 publications retrieved from the PubMed, Google, Google Scholar and Science Direct databases up to December 2021, 230 were selected for a review of IHC techniques, protocols and results. The methodological evolutions of IHC and its application to the diagnosis of infectious diseases, more specifically lice-borne diseases, sexually transmitted diseases and skin infections, were critically examined. A total of 59 different pathogens have been detected once in 22 different tissues and organs; and yet non-cultured, fastidious and intracellular pathogens accounted for the vast majority of pathogens detected by IHC. Auto-IHC, incorporating patient serum as the primary antibody, applied to diseased heart valves surgically collected from blood culture-negative endocarditis patients, detected unidentified Gram-positive cocci and microorganisms which were subsequently identified as Coxiella burnetii, Bartonella quintana, Bartonella henselae and Tropheryma whipplei. The application of IHC to ancient tissues dated between the ends of the Ptolemaic period to over 70 years ago, have also contributed to paleomicrobiology diagnoses. Conclusion IHC plays an important role in diagnostic of infectious diseases in tissue samples. Paleo-auto-IHC derived from auto-IHC, is under development for detecting non-identified pathogens from ancient specimens.

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Herpesvirus Infections of the Central Nervous System

Cited by 17 publications

References 109 publications

Aging and Options to Halt Declining Immunity to Virus Infections

Aging and Options to Halt Declining Immunity to Virus Infections

The Role of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection in Demyelination of the Central Nervous System

Immunohistochemical diagnosis of human infectious diseases: a review

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