Herpes simplex viruses: Discrimination of types and correlation between different characteristics

Plummer, G.; Goodheart, Clyde R.; Miyagi, M.; Skinner, G. R. B.; Thouless, Margaret E.; Wildy, P.

doi:10.1016/0042-6822(74)90378-x

Cited by 44 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The first definitive experimental evidence of viral latency in peripheral and central nervous tissue was obtained by explant cocultivation, a process in which the latently infected ganglion is removed from the animal and cultivated in vitro (9,17,32). This and related in vitro methods continue as commonly used procedures to confirm the presence of reactivation-competent virus in ganglia.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Herpes Simplex Virus Reactivation in Ganglia In Vivo and in Explants Demonstrates Quantitative and Qualitative Differences

Sawtell

Thompson

2004

J Virol

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The in vivo ganglionic environment directs the latent herpes simplex virus transcriptional program. Since stress-driven perturbations in sensory neurons are thought to play a critical role in the transition from latency to reactivation, a primary concern in the selection of a valid model of the molecular interactions leading to reactivation is the faithful recapitulation of these environments. In this study reactivation of latently infected ganglia excised and cultured in vitro (explanted) is compared to reactivation occurring in latently infected ganglia in vivo following hyperthermic stress. Three notable points emerged. (i) Neurons in explanted ganglia exhibited marked morphological changes within 2 to 3 h postexplant. DNA fragmentation in neuronal nuclei was detected at 3 h, and atypical expression of cell cycle-and stress-regulated proteins such as geminin, cdk2, cdk4, and cytochrome c became apparent at 2 to 48 h. These changes were associated with axotomy and explant and not with the initiation or progression of reactivation and were not observed in ganglia following in vivo hyperthermic stress. (ii) Despite these differences, during the first 22 h primary reactivation events were restricted to a very small number of neurons in vivo and in explanted ganglia. This suggests that at any given time only a few latently infected neurons are competent to reactivate or that the probability of reactivation occurring in any particular neuron is very low. Importantly, the marked changes detected in explanted ganglia were not correlated with increased reactivation, demonstrating that these changes were not associated with the reactivation process per se. (iii) Secondary spread of virus was evident in explanted ganglia within 36 h, an event not observed in vivo. We conclude that explant reactivation may provide an ancillary system for selected studies of the early events in reactivation. However, clear signs of neuronal degeneration within 2 to 3 h postexplant indicate that these ganglia are undergoing major physiological changes not associated with the reactivation process. This ongoing neurodegeneration could alter even the early virus-host interactions in reactivation, and thus caution in the extrapolation of results obtained in explants to the in vivo interactions initiating reactivation is warranted.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Herpes Simplex Virus Reactivation in Ganglia In Vivo and in Explants Demonstrates Quantitative and Qualitative Differences

Sawtell

Thompson

2004

J Virol

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“…The virus was shown to be Type 1 herpes simplex virus by its behaviour in reciprocal cross-neutralisation and immunodiffusion tests with Type 1 and Type 2 antiserum raised in rabbits (Thouless, 1972;Skinner et al, 1976), and by the stability of its enzyme-thymidine kinase (Thouless and Skinner, 1971) (Table 1). The validity of these various criteria for virus typing has been discussed (Plummer et al, 1974). Unfortunately, we were unable to isolate virus from the healing lesions on the husband's lips, probably because he was seen too late in the course of his infection.…”

Section: Case Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although Type 1 herpes simplex virus infections of the genitals have been reported (Smith et al, 1973;Chang et al, 1974;Dolin et al, 1976) in women, Type 2 herpes virus is more commonly isolated; in extensive surveys by Dowdle et al (1967), Plummer et al (1974), and Skinner et al (1976) every isolate from the female genital tract was found to be Type 2. Recognition of the sexual mode of transmission of this condition preceded the 'discovery' of viruses; Greenough (1881) correlated the incidence of the condition in men with a history of other venereal disorders, and Unna (1883) reported that 1 % of prostitutes attending the Hamburg General Hospital had genital herpes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Acquisition of Type 1 Herpes Simplex Vulvitis within a Monogamous Relationship

WHITNEY¹,

Skinner²,

BUCHAN³

1979

Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey

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“…Difference in plaque-forming ability or plaque appearance between herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) and type 2 (HSV2) had been studied in various cell culture systems1, 2,7,12,13,15), and are considered to be a biological marker distinguishing one from the other. Especially, primary chick emblryonic fibroblasts (CEF) are known to have unique characteristics for identifing HSV1 and HSV2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differentiation of Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2 by Plaque Appearances on Semicontinuous Rabbit Lens Epithelial Cells in the Clinical Laboratory

Sato

Kaneki²,

Shirai³

et al. 1993

kansenshogakuzasshi

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Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) and type 2 (HSV2) were differentiated on the basis of different plaque appearance on semicontinuous rabbit lens epithelial (RLE) cells. Plaques produced by HSV1 strains were small; the mean diameter was 1.29 ± 0.37 mm 3 days after inoculation. HSV2 strains produced large and small plaques, with the ratio of large to small about 20:1. The mean diameters of the large and the small plaques of HSV2 were 3.34 ± 0.56 mm and 0.97 ± 0.31 mm respectively 3 days after inoculation. The clones from the large plaques consistently produced large and small plaques and the small-plaque clones produced only small plaques. Round cells plus heterokaryotes were characteristic of the CPE of HSV1. Large plaques of HSV2 were produced by a large membranous syncytium that was liable to lyse. Small round cells were characteristic of the CPE of the small-plaque clones of HSV2. Glycoprotein C-negative (gC-) strains produced intermediate-sized plaques and a few pin point ones that consisted of membranous syncytia and round cells, respectively. Except for the HF strain (a reference strain of HSV1 producing a membranous syncytium on RLE cells), the result of the differentiation of HSV1 (179 strains) and HSV2 (40 strains) with the RLE plaque assay system was consistent with that of Syva's monoclonal antibody assay system and the restriction endonuclease digestion method.

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Herpes simplex viruses: Discrimination of types and correlation between different characteristics

Cited by 44 publications

References 16 publications

Comparison of Herpes Simplex Virus Reactivation in Ganglia In Vivo and in Explants Demonstrates Quantitative and Qualitative Differences

Comparison of Herpes Simplex Virus Reactivation in Ganglia In Vivo and in Explants Demonstrates Quantitative and Qualitative Differences

Acquisition of Type 1 Herpes Simplex Vulvitis within a Monogamous Relationship

Differentiation of Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2 by Plaque Appearances on Semicontinuous Rabbit Lens Epithelial Cells in the Clinical Laboratory

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