Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-induced retinitis following herpes simplex encephalitis: Indications for brain-to-eye transmission of HSV-1

Maertzdorf, Jeroen; Lelij, Allegonda Van der; Baarsma, G. S.; Osterhaus, Albert D. M. E.; Verjans, Georges M. G. M.

doi:10.1002/1531-8249(200012)48:6<936::aid-ana16>3.0.co;2-7

Cited by 20 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Of those, five were caused by HSV-1 and two by VZV, opposite to the etiologic trend for ARN without HSE, though the significance of this is unclear since the total number of cases was small [9] . However, in a separate publication, the same authors detected concordance between HSV strains in CSF during HSE and ocular fluid during ARN in two patients [11] . Taken together, these data suggest that viral encephalitis may predispose patients to ARN and that HSV-1 may pose more of a risk for post-HSE ARN than VZV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Immunologic factors may play a role in herpes simplex virus 1 reactivation in the brain and retina after influenza vaccination

Hassman

DiLoreto

2016

IDCases

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Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a nearly ubiquitous human pathogen, remaining dormant in its human host the majority of the time. The interaction between HSV-1 and the immune system represents a complicated balance of power that allows the virus to persist in the host for a lifetime. However, disruptions in the immune system can activate the virus with the potential to cause devastating infections in the central nervous system (CNS). We present a patient who suffered three consecutive yearly HSV-1 CNS episodes (encephalitis, seizure, and retinitis), each within days of his influenza vaccination. We highlight subtle immunologic defects in this patient that may have allowed unchecked viral replication and resultant disease manifestations, as well as the potential role of influenza vaccine in tipping this balance in favor of HSV-1.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Immunologic factors may play a role in herpes simplex virus 1 reactivation in the brain and retina after influenza vaccination

Hassman

DiLoreto

2016

IDCases

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“…They concluded that HSV could remain latent in the frontal lobe and optic chiasm after acute brain infection. When the virus becomes reactivated, it can be transmitted to the retina through the optic nerve (Maertzdorf et al, 2001). (5) All five of the patients received intravenous human immunoglobulin, glucocorticoids, antiepileptic, antiviral, and antibiotic treatments, and all survived until hospital discharge.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of human encephalitis caused by pseudorabies virus: A case series study

Yang

Guan

et al. 2019

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Background: Pseudorabies virus (PRV) has been thought to cause diseases only in animals. However, recent studies have shown that PRV can also cause illnesses in humans. Methods: This was a case series study. The cases of five patients with clinical symptoms of acute encephalitis, which were confirmed to be caused by PRV infections, were reviewed. Case presentation: The five patients all had jobs involving the handling of pigs. They had acute onset and rapid progression of clinical presentations, which were consistent with central nervous system infections. Four of them had respiratory failure, which required ventilator support. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed abnormal signals in the bilateral temporal lobes and insular cortex in all five patients, bilateral frontal lobes in one patient, and caudate nucleus in one patient. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis results were consistent with a viral infection. Next-generation sequencing of the cerebrospinal fluid confirmed the presence of PRV. All patients received human immunoglobulin, glucocorticoids, antiviral agents, and symptomatic supportive treatments. All patients survived until discharge, but suffered from various sequelae. Pneumonia was the most common complication during the disease course. Conclusions: PRV encephalitis should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients with a clinical presentation of central nervous system infection, especially for those who have had recent contact with pigs.

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“…Although uncommon, other cases of ARN associated with HSV encephalitis have been reported. A search of English PubMed articles about patients diagnosed with both ARN and HSV-1 or HSV-2 encephalitis revealed 34 case reports that are summarised in table 1 8-35. Median age was 44.5 years (range of 23 days to 68 years old) and male gender was reported in 24/36 (67%) cases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute retinal necrosis in a patient with remote severe herpes simplex encephalitis

et al. 2019

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A 60-year-old man with a history of severe herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis 2 years prior presented with acute onset of visual loss in the left eye. Dilated funduscopic examination showed retinitis and occlusive vasculitis with retinal necrosis. PCR of the vitreous fluid was positive for HSV-1, and he was diagnosed with acute retinal necrosis (ARN) due to HSV-1. The patient was treated with intravenous acyclovir and intravitreous foscarnet for 2 weeks, followed by high dose oral valacyclovir for 2 weeks. He was subsequently placed on planned life-long suppressive valacyclovir. His case demonstrates that acute visual loss concomitant with or subsequent to HSV-1 encephalitis warrants suspicion of ARN. Prompt therapy with effective antiviral medication is necessary to reduce the risk of sight-threatening complications. Chronic suppression with oral antiviral therapy after ARN is recommended to prevent involvement of the contralateral eye, though there is no consensus on the duration and dosage of antivirals.

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Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-induced retinitis following herpes simplex encephalitis: Indications for brain-to-eye transmission of HSV-1

Cited by 20 publications

References 9 publications

Immunologic factors may play a role in herpes simplex virus 1 reactivation in the brain and retina after influenza vaccination

Immunologic factors may play a role in herpes simplex virus 1 reactivation in the brain and retina after influenza vaccination

Characteristics of human encephalitis caused by pseudorabies virus: A case series study

Acute retinal necrosis in a patient with remote severe herpes simplex encephalitis

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