Heritability of Word Recognition in Middle-Aged Men Varies as a Function of Parental Education

Kremen, William S.; Jacobson, Kristen C.; Xian, Hong; Eisen, Seth A.; Waterman, Brian; Toomey, Rosemary; Neale, Michael C.; Tsuang, Ming T.; Lyons, Michael J.

doi:10.1007/s10519-004-3876-2

Cited by 80 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…It has long been recognised that environmental factors are of great relevance to the development of dyslexia, but only some of these factors have been identified so far. 104 If such factors can be modulated, future dyslexia prevention and individual genetic risk profiling could be envisaged.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetics of dyslexia: the evolving landscape

Schumacher

Hoffmann

Schmäl

et al. 2007

Journal of Medical Genetics

124

101

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetics of dyslexia: the evolving landscape

Schumacher

Hoffmann

Schmäl

et al. 2007

Journal of Medical Genetics

124

101

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“…Furthermore, other cognitive data from our sample do show significant heritabilities. For example, heritabilities of some other cognitive measures were as follows: reading ability was 45% [Kremen et al, 2005]; digits span forward was 29%; digit transformation was 59%; and reading span was 51% [Kremen et al, in press].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the Wisconsin card sorting test a useful neurocognitive endophenotype?

Kremen

Eisen²,

Tsuang

et al. 2007

American J of Med Genetics Pt B

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The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) has been utilized extensively as a measure of executive function and working memory and as a neurocognitive probe of prefrontal brain function. In studies of psychiatric illness--particularly schizophrenia--it has also been considered to be a cognitive vulnerability marker or endophenotype. Heritability is an important criterion for an endophenotype, but the very few studies of the heritability of the WCST have yielded inconsistent results. The goal of this study was to investigate the extent to which genetic and environmental factors influence WCST performance in a large adult twin sample. A computerized WCST was administered to 660 middle-aged male twins (170 monozygotic pairs and 160 dizygotic pairs). Polychoric intrapair correlations for six WCST scores were compared between MZ and DZ twins in order to assess heritability. Correlations were relatively low and there were no significant MZ-DZ differences. To our knowledge, this is the largest twin study of the WCST to date. There was no evidence for heritability of the WCST in this midlife adult sample. The WCST remains a valuable research tool, and we do not think that one should conclude from these results that genetic influences on frontal-executive function are unimportant. Rather, we believe that our results suggest that some properties of this particular test make it undesirable for use as an endophenotype.

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“…The WRAT-3 is a test that assesses single word reading skill and is highly correlated with full scale IQ. 41 Handedness. All individuals were classified as either right or left-handed based on a modified version of the Edinburgh Inventory.…”

Section: Clinical Assessmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence From Structural and Diffusion Tensor Imaging for Frontotemporal Deficits in Psychometric Schizotypy

DeRosse

Nitzburg

Ikuta

et al. 2014

Schizophrenia Bulletin

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Background: Previous studies of nonclinical samples exhibiting schizotypal traits have provided support for the existence of a continuous distribution of psychotic symptoms in the general population. Few studies, however, have examined the neural correlates of psychometric schizotypy using structural and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Methods: Healthy volunteers between the ages of 18 and 68 were recruited from the community and assessed using the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire and received structural and DTI exams. Participants with high (N = 67) and low (N = 71) psychometric schizotypy were compared on gray and white matter volume, and cortical thickness in frontal and temporal lobe regions and on fractional anisotropy (FA) within 5 association tracts traversing the frontal and temporal lobes. Results: Higher levels of schizotypy were associated with lower overall volumes of gray matter in both the frontal and temporal lobes and lower gray matter thickness in the temporal lobe. Regionally specific effects were evident in both white matter and gray matter volume of the rostral middle frontal cortex and gray matter volume in the pars orbitalis. Moreover, relative to individuals who scored low, those who scored high in schizotypy had lower FA in the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus as well as greater asymmetry (right > left) in the uncinate fasciculus. Conclusions: These findings are broadly consistent with recent data on the neurobiological correlates of psychometric schizotypy as well as findings in schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia and suggest that frontotemporal lobe dysfunction may represent a core component of the psychosis phenotype.

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Heritability of Word Recognition in Middle-Aged Men Varies as a Function of Parental Education

Cited by 80 publications

References 38 publications

Genetics of dyslexia: the evolving landscape

Genetics of dyslexia: the evolving landscape

Is the Wisconsin card sorting test a useful neurocognitive endophenotype?

Evidence From Structural and Diffusion Tensor Imaging for Frontotemporal Deficits in Psychometric Schizotypy

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