Herd-level factors associated with isolation of Salmonella in a multi-state study of conventional and organic dairy farms

Fossler, Charles P.; Wells, Scott J.; Kaneene, John B.; Ruegg, P.L.; Warnick, Lorin D.; Bender, Jeffrey B.; Eberly, Lynn E.; Godden, Sandra; Halbert, Lisa W.

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.04.003

Cited by 97 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 38 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Salmonella has been shown to be associated with season, with an increased prevalence in the summer months (Fossler et al, 2005; Edrington et al, 2008). Our study showed a numerically higher prevalence of Salmonella shedding in the summer, although the results were not significant, most likely due to a lack of power from the small sample size.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology ofSalmonellasp. in California cull dairy cattle: prevalence of fecal shedding and diagnostic accuracy of pooled enriched broth culture of fecal samples

Aboud

Adaska

Williams

et al. 2016

PeerJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundThe primary objective of this cross-sectional study was to estimate the crude, seasonal and cull-reason stratified prevalence of Salmonella fecal shedding in cull dairy cattle on seven California dairies. A secondary objective was to estimate and compare the relative sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) for pools of 5 and 10 enriched broth cultures of fecal samples for Salmonella sp. detection.MethodsSeven dairy farms located in the San Joaquin Valley of California were identified and enrolled in the study as a convenience sample. Cull cows were identified for fecal sampling once during each season between 2014 and 2015, specifically during spring, summer, fall, and winter, and 10 cows were randomly selected for fecal sampling at the day of their sale. In addition, study personnel completed a survey based on responses of the herd manager to questions related to the previous four month’s herd management. Fecal samples were frozen until testing for Salmonella. After overnight enrichment in liquid broth, pools of enrichment broth (EBP) were created for 5 and 10 samples. All individual and pooled broths were cultured on selective media with putative Salmonella colonies confirmed by biochemical testing before being serogrouped and serotyped.ResultsA total of 249 cull cows were enrolled into the study and their fecal samples tested for Salmonella. The survey-weighted period prevalence of fecal shedding of all Salmonella sp. in the cull cow samples across all study herds and the entire study period was 3.42% (N = 249; SE 1.07). The within herd prevalence of Salmonella shed in feces did not differ over the four study seasons (P = 0.074). The Se of culture of EBP of five samples was 62.5% (SE = 17.12), which was not statistically different from the Se of culture of EBP of 10 (37.5%, SE = 17.12, P = 0.48). The Sp of culture of EBP of five samples was 95.24% (SE = 3.29) and for pools of 10 samples was 100.00% (SE = 0). There was no statistical difference between the culture relative specificities of EBP of 5 and 10 (P > 0.99).DiscussionOur study showed a numerically higher prevalence of Salmonella shedding in the summer, although the results were not significant, most likely due to a lack of power from the small sample size. A higher prevalence in summer months may be related to heat stress. To detect Salmonella, investigators may expect a 62.5% sensitivity for culture of EBP of five, relative to individual fecal sample enrichment and culture. In contrast, culture of EBP of 10 samples resulted in a numerically lower Se. Culture of EBP of size 5 or 10 samples, given similar prevalence and limit of detection, can be expected to yield specificities of 95 and 100%, respectively.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology ofSalmonellasp. in California cull dairy cattle: prevalence of fecal shedding and diagnostic accuracy of pooled enriched broth culture of fecal samples

Aboud

Adaska

Williams

et al. 2016

PeerJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This suggests that clinical and subclinical S. enterica infections in cattle are influenced by additional factors besides feed and water contamination. For example, herd size [35], age of cattle [35], manure management and disposal methods [25,36], feed storage [25], access to environmental waters [25], season [5], purchasing cattle from dealers [37], method of cattle penning [25], and exposure to wild birds and rodents [37,38] have all been implicated as herd-level risk factors for S. enterica infections. Thus, multiple biological, environmental and facility management factors will influence frequency and duration of cattle fecal shedding of S. enterica .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Starlings have also been implicated as a source for S. enterica contamination of cattle feed and water [23] and this information was collected, in part, from the two CAFOs used for this study. Additionally, many other publications suggest wild birds may contribute to the maintenance and spread of S. enterica [5,6,10,24,25]. Currently, there is no data assessing starling control as a tool to reduce the amplification and spread of S. enterica within CAFO's.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of European starling control to reduce Salmonella enterica contamination in a concentrated animal feeding operation in the Texas panhandle

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundEuropean starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) are an invasive bird species known to cause damage to plant and animal agriculture. New evidence suggests starlings may also contribute to the maintenance and spread of diseases within livestock facilities. Identifying and mitigating the risk pathways that contribute to disease in livestock is necessary to reduce production losses and contamination of human food products. To better understand the impact starlings have on disease transmission to cattle we assessed the efficacy of starling control as a tool to reduce Salmonella enterica within a concentrated animal feeding operation. We matched a large facility, slated for operational control using DRC-1339 (3-chloro-4-methylaniline hydrochloride, also 3-chloro p-toluidine hydrochloride, 3-chloro-4-methylaniline), with a comparable reference facility that was not controlling birds. In both facilities, we sampled cattle feed, cattle water and cattle feces for S. enterica before and after starling control operations.ResultsWithin the starling-controlled CAFO, detections of S. enterica contamination disappeared from feed bunks and substantially declined within water troughs following starling control operations. Within the reference facility, detections of S. enterica contamination increased substantially within feed bunks and water troughs. Starling control was not observed to reduce prevalence of S. enterica in the cattle herd. Following starling control operations, herd prevalence of S. enterica increased on the reference facility but herd prevalence of S. enterica on the starling-controlled CAFO stayed at pretreatment levels.ConclusionsWithin the starling-controlled facility detections of S. enterica disappeared from feed bunks and substantially declined within water troughs following control operations. Since cattle feed and water are obvious routes for the ingestion of S. enterica, starling control shows promise as a tool to help livestock producers manage disease. Yet, we do not believe starling control should be used as a stand alone tool to reduce S. enterica infections. Rather starling control could be used as part of a comprehensive disease management plan for concentrated animal feeding operations.

show abstract

“…Hazard analysis and critical control point and associated prerequisite programmes are a systematic approach to food safety and are widely regarded as the most effective means of producing safe, acceptable food. Hazard analysis and critical control point coupled with the greater public interest in food safety has stimulated interest in developing means to reduce the incidence of these pathogens on farms (Fossler et al., 2005a,b). The lack of risk assessment models at the farm stage is inhibiting the development and validation of effective control points as part of a good agricultural practice (GAP) or HACCP programme.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Preliminary Study ofSalmonella, VerocytotoxigenicEscherichia coli/Escherichia coliO157 andCampylobacteron Four Mixed Farms

Bolton

O’Neill

Fanning

2011

Zoonoses and Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The aims of this study were to investigate the incidence of Salmonella, verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC)/Escherichia coli O157 and Campylobacter on four mixed farms and to characterize the isolates in terms of a range of virulence factors. Eighty-nine composite (five different samples from the same animal species combined) faecal [cattle (24), pigs (14), sheep (4), poultry (4), horses (7), deer (4), dogs (9), rodents (2) and wild birds (20)] samples, 16 composite soil samples plus 35 individual water samples were screened using culture-based, immunomagnetic separation and molecular methods. Salmonella was detected in bovine faeces, cattle and poultry house water. Salmonella serotypes/phage types included Dublin, Kiel and Typhimurium DT193, and most isolates were spvC, invA and rck positive. The pefA and rck genes were found exclusively in the non-Typhimurium strains, while Salmonella Dublin and Salmonella Kiel strains carried Salmonella genomic island I marker(s). VTEC/E. coli O157 were found in deer and dog faeces only. The E. coli O157 isolate was an enteroinvasive E. coli, while the VTEC isolate was untypable but carried the vt1, eaeA, hlyA, tir and eptD genes. This article reports the first confirmed carriage of E. coli O157 in Irish deer. Campylobacter species were not detected over the course of this study. It was concluded that [1] Salmonella, VTEC and Campylobacter have low (<5%) prevalence or are absent on the farms in this study; [2] water was an important source of bacterial pathogens; [3] both dogs and deer may act as a source of pathogenic E. coli and [4] key virulence and resistance determinants are widespread in farm Salmonella strains. This study highlights the need to control water as a source of pathogens and suggests that the domestic pets and deer should be considered in any farm risk assessment.

show abstract

Herd-level factors associated with isolation of Salmonella in a multi-state study of conventional and organic dairy farms

Cited by 97 publications

References 38 publications

Epidemiology ofSalmonellasp. in California cull dairy cattle: prevalence of fecal shedding and diagnostic accuracy of pooled enriched broth culture of fecal samples

Epidemiology ofSalmonellasp. in California cull dairy cattle: prevalence of fecal shedding and diagnostic accuracy of pooled enriched broth culture of fecal samples

Efficacy of European starling control to reduce Salmonella enterica contamination in a concentrated animal feeding operation in the Texas panhandle

A Preliminary Study ofSalmonella, VerocytotoxigenicEscherichia coli/Escherichia coliO157 andCampylobacteron Four Mixed Farms

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About