Herbicidal properties of benzene and certain methyl derivatives

Currier, H. B.

doi:10.3733/hilg.v20n19p383

Cited by 32 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…These components of the volatile diesel fuel fraction were therefore unlikely to be causing the observed effect on germination. However, phytotoxicity in both vapour and spray treatments is generally exhibited by gasoline and the light ends of oils and increases in the order benzene, toluene and xylene (Currier, 1951) this being consistent with the conclusions of Crafts and Reiber (1948) who found that phytotoxicity increased as the side chain was lengthened in this series. These branched benzene compounds were present in the volatile diesel fuel fraction and were probably also having an effect on germination rate.…”

Section: Analysis and Characterisation Of The Volatile Fraction Of DIsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Crafts and Reiber (1948) showed cyclohexane was more toxic that methylcyclohexane when applied as a spray diluted in paraffin oil. However, the activity of hydrocarbons is dependent on diluent and on a molar concentration basis, a hydrocarbon diluted with air is ~ 30 times more phytotoxic than a hydrocarbon diluted with water and approximately 3,000 times more phytotoxic than if it were diluted in paraffin oil (Currier, 1951). So, although work has been carried out on the toxicity of these hydrocarbons, little is known about their toxicity to germination whilst in the vapour phase.…”

Section: Analysis and Characterisation Of The Volatile Fraction Of DImentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phytotoxicity of branched cyclohexanes found in the volatile fraction of diesel fuel on germination of selected grass species

MacKinnon

Duncan

2013

Chemosphere

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During a larger study to screen candidate plant species for phytoremediation of diesel fuelcontaminated soils, it was observed that at relatively low levels of diesel fuel contamination, delayed shoot/root emergence and reduced germination was observed for the majority of plant species investigated. It was theorised that these effects were the result of acute phytotoxicity, caused by the volatile fraction of diesel fuel, with results supporting this theory. This finding was investigated further in the current study. Headspace analysis of diesel fuel showed that between 5-10% of diesel fuel consisted of compounds that would volatilise at 20°C, with the most predominant compounds identified being the isomers of xylene (m-, o-and p-), n-alkanes (C9-C12) and alkylbenzenes. There were also low levels of toluene, branched cyclohexanes (methyl-, to butylcyclohexane) and alkenes. Of particular interest were branched cyclohexanes as little work has previously been reported on these compounds. To explain the phytotoxic effect of the volatile fraction of diesel fuel and attribute the effect to a specific compound or group of compounds within diesel fuel, seeds were germinated in petri dishes contaminated with a number of pure branchedcyclohexanes. An unusual pattern of germination was apparent, with results varying depending on grass species and the length of cyclohexane branching. Results showed ethyl-and butylcyclohexane had a significant effect on the germination rate of selected grass species whereas methyl-and propylcyclohexane had little effect.

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Section: Analysis and Characterisation Of The Volatile Fraction Of DIsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Analysis and Characterisation Of The Volatile Fraction Of DImentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytotoxicity of branched cyclohexanes found in the volatile fraction of diesel fuel on germination of selected grass species

MacKinnon

Duncan

2013

Chemosphere

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“…The differential sensitivity of plants to hydrocarbon toxicity is well known (Crafts and Reiber, 1948, Currier, 1951, Baker, 1970, Warner et al, 1983, Gauvrit and Cabanne, 1993, Chaîneau et al, 1997 and exploited to man's benefit. For example, members of the family Umbelliferae (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of diesel fuel on seed germination

Adam

Duncan

2002

Environmental Pollution

284

144

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The use of plant-based systems to remediate contaminated soils has become an area of intense scientific study in recent years and it is apparent that plants which grow well in contaminated soils need to be identified and screened for use in phytoremediation technologies. This study investigated the effect of diesel fuel on germination of selected plant species. Germination response varied greatly with plant species and was species specific, as members of the same plant family showed differential sensitivity to diesel fuel contamination. Differences were also seen within plant subspecies. At relatively low levels of diesel fuel contamination, delayed seed emergence and reduced percentage germination was observed for the majority of plant species investigated.Results suggest the volatile fraction of diesel fuel played an influential role in delaying seed emergence and reducing percentage germination. In addition, the remaining diesel fuel in the soil added to this inhibitory effect on germination by physically impeding water and oxygen transfer between the seed and the surrounding soil environment, thus hindering the germination response.

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“…Oils spread in a non-polar fashion through intercellular spaces (Minshall & Helson, 1948, 1949. Stomatal penetration was considered the main path of oil entry into leaves (Minshall & Helson, 1948, 1949Currier, 1951). However, in the present study high absorption rates of a herbicide in oil occurred through the upper leaf surface.…”

Section: Absorption Offoliarly Applied ^*C-chlorprophammentioning

confidence: 99%

Spreading and penetration of herbicides dissolved in oil carriers*

Prendeville¹,

Warren²

1975

Weed Research

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Summary: Résumé: Zusammenfassung Four non‐phytotoxic paraffinic oils of increasing viscosities and boiling ranges were compared as carriers for 2,4‐D, dinoseb and terbacil under glasshouse conditions. Terbacil and dinoseb activity was increased approximately ten‐fold in the oil carriers (150 1/ha) v. water on ivyleaf morning glory (Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). 2,4‐D activity on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and sorghum was not increased by the oil carriers. The four oils showed similar effectiveness as herbicide carriers except that a trend existed towards increased herbicide activity in the medium to high viscosity, low volatile oils. 14C‐chlorpropham was applied in a non‐phytotoxic oil carrier to the leaves of morning glory, cucumber and sorghum. It moved externally on the upper but not on the lower leaf surface to the shoot apex of all plants, but internal herbicide transport was not evident. Similarly, greater surface movement and penetration of 14C‐2,4‐D occurred in sorghum, when applied in the same oil carrier v. water with surfactant, but herbicide translocation was not affected. The penetration and translocation pattern of 14C‐2,4‐D applied in four non‐phytotoxic oil carriers of increasing viscosities were studied in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). All oil carriers, as compared to 2,4‐D in water‐surfactant greatly enhanced herbicide penetration through both upper and lower primary leaf surfaces and subsequent translocation. The extent of oil carrier movement on the leaf surface did not determine the distance of subsequent herbicide translocation which was the same for all four oil carriers, but did influence amount of the herbicide translocated. Approximately the same quantity of 14C was absorbed through both upper and lower leaf surfaces for both 14C‐chlorpropham and 14C‐2,4‐D in oil carriers, indicating that stomatal penetration is not a factor in determining rate of oil entry into leaves. This work indicates the importance of measuring oil carrier mobility on the leaf surface, when studying the effects of such carriers on herbicide penetration and translocation. Etalement et penetration d'herbicides dissous dans des supports huileux. Quatre huiles paraffiniques non toxiques ayant des viscosityés et des zones d'ébullition croissantes ont été comparées, en serre, comme supports pour le 2,4‐D, le dinosébe et le terbacile. L'activité du terbacile et du dinosébe a été approxi‐mativement multipliée par dix dans les supports huileux (150 1/ha) par rapport au support hydrique, sur le liseron (Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq.), le concombre (Cucumis sativus L.) et le sorgho (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). L'activité du 2,4‐D sur le haricot (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) et le sorgho n'a pas été accrue par les supports huileux. Les quatre huiles ont manifeste une efficacité analogue en tant que supports pour les herbicides; toutefois, l'activitd herbicide tend à s'accroître entre les viscosityés moyennes et fortes, pour des huiles à basse volatilityé...

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Herbicidal properties of benzene and certain methyl derivatives

Cited by 32 publications

References 28 publications

Phytotoxicity of branched cyclohexanes found in the volatile fraction of diesel fuel on germination of selected grass species

Phytotoxicity of branched cyclohexanes found in the volatile fraction of diesel fuel on germination of selected grass species

Influence of diesel fuel on seed germination

Spreading and penetration of herbicides dissolved in oil carriers*

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