Hepatoprotective Effect of Cereal Vinegar Sediment in Acute Liver Injury Mice and Its Influence on Gut Microbiota

Abstract

Cereal vinegar sediment (CVS) is a natural precipitate formed during the aging process of traditional grain vinegar. It has been used as Chinese traditional medicine, while its composition and function are reported minimally. In this study, we measured CVS in terms of saccharide, protein, fat and water content, and polyphenol and flavonoid content. Furthermore, we determined the amino acids, organic acids, and other soluble metabolites in CVS using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), HPLC, and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) platforms. The hepatoprotective effect of CVS was evaluated in acute CCl4-induced liver injury mice. Administration of CVS for 7 days prior to the CCl4 treatment can significantly decrease liver alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, compared with those in the hepatic injury model group. The gut microbiota was changed by CCl4 administration and was partly shifted by the pretreatment of CVS, particularly the Muribaculaceae family, which was increased in CVS-treated groups compared with that in the CCl4 administration group. Moreover, the abundances of Alistipes genus and Muribaculaceae family were correlated with the liver ALT, AST, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Our results illustrated the composition of CVS and its hepatoprotective effect in mice, suggested that CVS could be developed as functional food to prevent acute liver injury.

Bifidobacterium longum BL-10 with Antioxidant Capacity Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice by the Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway

“…The gut−liver axis has a vital role in liver disease 55 because the microbe-derived metabolites regulate various hepatic signaling pathways via the hepatoportal system. 11 There is increasing evidence that SCFAs can reduce liver unsaturated fatty acid accumulation, improving hepatic steatosis and inflammation.…”

Torularhodin-Loaded Bilosomes Ameliorate Lipid Accumulation and Amino Acid Metabolism in Hypercholesterolemic Mice

“…Sample pretreatment and experimental reference are described in a previous study . Please see the Supplementary Information for details.…”

“…Samples were centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 30 min, and the supernatant was removed for detection. Amino acid concentrations were determined by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection using OPA precolumn derivatization . The experiments were carried out using an Agilent 1100 HPLC (Agilent Technologies Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA) and an Agilent Hypersil ODS column (5 μm, 4.0 × 250 mm).…”

“…Amino acid concentrations were determined by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection using OPA precolumn derivatization. 24 The experiments were carried out using an Agilent 1100 HPLC (Agilent Technologies Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA) and an Agilent Hypersil ODS column (5 μm, 4.0 × 250 mm). The concentration of the amino acids was quantified by an external standard method.…”

“…Sample pretreatment and experimental reference are described in a previous study. 24 Please see the Supplementary Information for details. In short, 30 μL of mouse serum and 30 μL of 10% trichloroacetic acid were mixed, sonicated at 80 W for 10 min, and then left to stand overnight at 4 °C.…”