Hepatoprotective and Renoprotective Properties of Lovastatin-Loaded Ginger and Garlic Oil Nanoemulsomes: Insights into Serum Biological Parameters

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Dyslipidemia is gaining much attention among healthcare professionals because of its high association with the malfunctioning of a number of normal physiological and metabolic processes in the body. Obesity is directly interconnected with dyslipidemia and is said to be a denouement of hyperlipidemia and, if left untreated, may lead to intense damage to organs that are directly involved in fat metabolism. The objective of this study was to investigate the synergistic antiobesity and anti-hyperlipidemic activities along with hepato- and renoprotective potential of nanoemulsomes (NES) of lovastatin (LTN)-loaded ginger (GR) and garlic (GL) oils. Materials and Methods: LTN nanoemulsomes co-encapsulated with GR oil and GL oil were prepared by a thin hydration technique. Eight-week-old male Wistar rats weighing 200–250 g were induced with hyperlipidemia via a high-fat diet (HFD) comprising 40% beef tallow. Body weight, serum biochemical lipid parameters, and those for liver and kidney functions, serum TC, LDL-C, vLDL-C, HDL-C, TG, atherogenic index (AI), ALT, AFT, ALP, γ-GT, total protein (TP), serum albumin and globulin ratio (A/G), serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and blood urea, and histopathology of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained liver and kidney sections of all aforementioned groups were examined in the treated animals. Results: Nanoemulsomes of LTN-loaded GR and GL oils provided synergistic effects with LTN, exerted better ameliorative actions in reducing serum TC, LDL-C, vLDL-C, triglycerides, and AI, and improved serum HDL-C levels. Serum ALT, AST, ALP, and γ-GT levels were in the normal range for nanoemulsome groups. H&E stained liver and kidney sections of these animals confirmed better hepatoprotective and renoprotective effects than LTN alone. Serum biochemical parameters for renal functions also claimed to be in the moderate range for nanoemulsome-treated groups. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that nanoemulsomes of LTN-loaded GR and GL oils synergistically provided better antihyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective, and renoprotective effects as compared to LTN alone.

Anti-obesity potential of Moringa olifera seed extract and lycopene on high fat diet induced obesity in male Sprauge Dawely rats

“…Moreover, serum creatinine, urea and uric acid that were measured to evaluated functional kidney damage were significantly increased in HFD fed group than control. These results concurred with Faran et al (2019) . Elevated liver and kidney enzymes were an expected result of increased MDA during obesity, which is an indicator for extensive lipid peroxidation.…”

Exercise reduces hyperlipidemia‑induced kidney damage in apolipoprotein E‑deficient mice

“…The present study demonstrated that exercise may exert a protective effect against kidney damage induced by hyperlipidemia, including limiting the progression of lipid deposition, oxidative stress and fibrosis. Compared with in ApoE -/- mice that consumed a ND, higher LDL-c, TG and TC levels were observed in ApoE -/- mice that consumed a HD, in agreement with Faran et al ( 16 ). Furthermore, CRE levels were higher in the HD group compared with those in the ND group.…”

The effect of high-fat diet and 13-cis retinoic acid application on lipid profile, glycemic response and oxidative stress in female Lewis rats

“…Weight gain is caused by an imbalance between energy uptake and energy expenditure that causes TG accumulation in white adipose tissue (WAT) [35] and other non-adipose tissues, such as muscle, liver, kidneys and heart [36]. Our data are consistent with that of Buettner et al [37] and Ali Faran [38], who have shown that an increase in body weight can be observed after only four weeks of HFD, while other authors indicate that a longer period of high-fat diet intake is needed for weight changes in animals [39]. Crawford et al showed that the HFD regime applied to 6-week old Spraque Dawley rats increased their body mass index (BMI) and fasting glucose levels [24], which was also confirmed in Wistar rats [40].…”