Hepatocellular carcinoma producing a granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor: report of a resected case with a literature review

Abstract

A complete resection of a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) producing the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was performed and is reported here. The patient had a few general symptoms and complications, such as the paraneoplastic syndrome. He had marked granulocytosis, and his serum levels of G-CSF and interleukin-6 were elevated. The pathological findings of the resected specimen revealed poorly differentiated HCC with sarcomatous change and showed, immunohistochemically, staining of G-CSF. Only a few cases of G-CSF-producing HCC have been reported, and they resulted in rapid tumour growth and poor prognosis. The case presented here may be the first complete resection ever performed, but the patient's prognosis was similar to that observed in typical cases.

BMP4 Inhibits Breast Cancer Metastasis by Blocking Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Activity

“…3B), bladder carcinoma (46), hepatoma (47), squamous cell carcinoma (48), and gastric cancer (49). Under stressful or inflammatory conditions, G-CSF is expressed by normal cell lineages (35,46) in response to endotoxins from infectious bacteria (43), iNOS (35), TNFa, IL1b, and NF-kB activation (35,39).…”

Paraneoplastic Syndromes: An Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment

“…Some solid tumors have been shown to produce substances with colony-stimulating activity. 148 Alternatively, leukocytosis may result from bone marrow involvement by tumor. Once other etiologies are ruled out, paraneoplastic granulocytosis does not require specific therapy.…”

“…[137][138][139][140] The clinical features, associated malignancies, diagnostic studies, and treatment of paraneoplastic hematologic syndromes are listed in Table 4. 137,138,[140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156] eoSInopHIlIa Paraneoplastic eosinophilia represents a subset of secondary eosinophilia that appears due to tumor production of the eosinophil growth factors interleukin (IL)-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF. 137,157 By contrast, primary eosinophilia, a separate diagnosis encountered in hematology-oncology practices, often represents a clonal phenomenon caused directly by a hematologic neoplastic process.…”

Sarcomatous Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Remittent Fever

“…HCC patients with a high IL-8 expression have a significantly higher frequency of venous invasion, portal vein invasion and bile duct invasion than HCC patients with a low IL-8 expression (4). Patients with G-CSF-producing HCC commonly have a very poor prognosis with rapid tumor growth and a high probability of distant metastasis (6)(7)(8). It has been reported that coproduction of G-CSF and IL-6 is associated with the production of IL-1, a known inflammatory cytokine, in G-CSF-producing cancer cell lines (9).…”