Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): Epidemiology, etiology and molecular classification

Chidambaranathan-Reghupaty, Saranya; Fisher, Paul B.; Sarkar, Devanand

doi:10.1016/bs.acr.2020.10.001

Cited by 405 publications

(307 citation statements)

References 227 publications

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“…Minimally-invasive surgery, represented by radiofrequency ablation (RFA), is an important clinical method for the treatment of liver cancer. RFA can generate heat inside tumors to kill cancer cells [ 3 , 4 ]. Some studies and meta-analyses have shown that for early-stage small HCC, RFA is associated with similar long-term outcomes, shorter hospital stays, and fewer complications as those with liver resection [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prognostic nomogram for hepatocellular carcinoma with radiofrequency ablation: a retrospective cohort study

Sun

Liu

et al. 2021

BMC Cancer

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Background Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is an effective treatment option for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to analyze the prognostic factors of HCC patients treated with RFA and to develop nomograms for outcome prediction. Methods A total of 3142 HCC patients treated with RFA were recruited, and their data were collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Univariate and multifactor Cox analyses were performed to identify independent prognostic factors. These factors were integrated into a nomogram to predict 3- and 5-year cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS). Consistency indices and calibration plots were used to assess the accuracy of the nomograms in both the internal and external cohorts. Results The median follow-up periods for HCC patients treated with RFA were 27 and 29 months for OS and CSS, respectively. Marital status, age, race, histological grade of differentiation, tumor size, T stage, and serum alpha-fetoprotein levels at the time of diagnosis were identified as prognostic factors for OS and CSS. Additionally, M stage was identified as risk factors for OS. These risk factors are included in the nomogram. The calibration plots of the OS and CSS nomograms showed excellent consistency between actual survival and nomogram predictions. The bootstrap-corrected concordance indices of the OS and CSS nomograms were 0.637 (95% CI, 0.628–0.646) and 0.670 (95% 0.661–0.679), respectively. Importantly, our nomogram performed better discriminatory compared with 8th edition tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage system for predicting OS and CSS. Conclusions We identified prognostic factors for HCC patients treated with RFA and provided an accurate and personalized survival prediction scheme.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prognostic nomogram for hepatocellular carcinoma with radiofrequency ablation: a retrospective cohort study

Sun

Liu

et al. 2021

BMC Cancer

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“…In comparison to developed countries, China has both a higher incidence and higher fatality rate of cancer. Surgery is the most common treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and fluorouracil, sorafenib, and other chemotherapeutic medications being commonly administered (1). Despite a decrease in the mortality rate of patients diagnosed in the early stages of the disease's progression, the overall survival (OS) for advancedstage liver cancer patients can still be improved (2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased RBM12 expression predicts poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma based on bioinformatics

Gao¹,

Shen²,

Chen³

et al. 2021

J Gastrointest Oncol

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Background: Liver cancer is one of the major causes of cancer death worldwide, incurring high mortality and a significant financial burden on the healthcare system. Abnormal RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) have been found to be associated with carcinogenesis in liver cancer. Among these, RNA-binding motif protein 12 (RBM12) is located in the exon junction complex (EJC). The goal of this study was to determine what role RBM12 plays in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from a biological perspective. Methods:The Tumor IMmune Estimation Resource (TIMER) and the Human Protein Atlas database were used to examine the expression level of RBM12, with the UALCAN and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) databases used to investigate the relationship between RBM12 and other noteworthy clinical features. RBM12 expression in cells and tissue samples was detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot analysis. The functional network of RBM12 in HCC was studied using LinkedOmics and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), while the effects of hypomethylation on the expression of RBM12 in HCC was investigated using methylation databases. Finally, we used TIMER and CIBERSORT to investigate the relationship between immune cell infiltration and RBM12 in HCC.Results: RBM12 is highly elevated in HCC tissues and cells, and it can be used to predict the prognosis of patients with HCC. Analysis with LinkedOmics and GSEA revealed RBM12 to be closely linked with tumor progression. Furthermore, hypomethylation was linked to an increase in RBM12 expression in HCC, while RBM12 was associated with immune cell infiltration.Conclusions: This study shows that an elevated level of RBM12 in HCC indicates a poor patient prognosis. Furthermore, according to LinkedOmics and GSEA analyses, RBM12 was implicated in the most important hallmark pathways. Our findings suggest that RBM12 overexpression is caused by hypomethylation and that RBM12 plays a key role in liver cancer tumor immunity.

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“…The etiology of HCC is complicated due to the multiple risk factors involved [ 3 ]. HCC usually arises from a background of chronic liver disease caused by alcohol abuse, metabolic syndrome, hepatitis B or C infections and/or aflatoxin exposure that eventually scars the liver parenchyma, leading to the irreversible condition of liver cirrhosis and the subsequent development of HCC [ 4 ]. Most HCC patients are diagnosed with advanced disease, and the majority of them are unresectable due to the early dissemination of cancer cells inside the liver.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cure the Incurable? Recent Breakthroughs in Immune Checkpoint Blockade for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Chu

Chan

2021

Cancers

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HCC usually arises from a chronic inflammation background, driven by several factors including fatty liver, HBV/HCV viral infection and metabolic syndrome. Systemic treatment for advanced HCC remains disappointing due to its strong resistance to chemotherapy and even to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Recently, the use of ICI therapy has revolutionized the systemic treatment of advanced HCC. For the first time, clinical trials testing ICIs, anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD1/PDL1 reported a survival benefit in patients with sorafenib resistance. However, it took four more years to find the right combination regimen to use ICI in combination with the anti-angiogenic agent bevacizumab to substantially prolong overall survival (OS) of patients with advanced HCC after sorafenib. This review provides a comprehensive history of ICI therapy in HCC, up-to-date information on the latest ICI clinical trials, and discusses the recent development of novel ICIs that would potentially lead to a new checkpoint blockade therapy for advanced HCC.

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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): Epidemiology, etiology and molecular classification

Cited by 405 publications

References 227 publications

Prognostic nomogram for hepatocellular carcinoma with radiofrequency ablation: a retrospective cohort study

Prognostic nomogram for hepatocellular carcinoma with radiofrequency ablation: a retrospective cohort study

Increased RBM12 expression predicts poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma based on bioinformatics

Cure the Incurable? Recent Breakthroughs in Immune Checkpoint Blockade for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

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