Hepatitis C virus infection and risk of thyroid cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Wang, Peng; Jing, Zhaohai; Liu, Changjiang; Xu, Meihua; Wang, Pei; Wang, Xiao; Yin, Yun; Cui, Ying; Ren, Dunlin; Rao, Xiaopang

doi:10.1016/j.ajg.2017.01.003

Cited by 23 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Estrogen is also another potential risk factor for papillary thyroid carcinoma, which justiies the sex diference for thyroid nodules and carcinoma [22]. Hepatitis C infection has been mentioned as a potential risk factor for thyroid cancer; however, more studies are needed to conirm this association [23]. It is not exactly clear that which factor(s) are important and mainly contributed to the recent increase in thyroid cancer incidence.…”

mentioning

confidence: 90%

Thyroid Cancers: Considerations, Classifications, and Managements

Khosravi¹,

Kouhi²,

Saeedi³

et al. 2017

Diagnosis and Management of Head and Neck Cancer

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Rapidly increasing trend of thyroid cancer incidence has turned this disease into a global concern. An estimated number of 64,300 new cases of thyroid cancer occurred in men and women in 2016, which represents 3.8% of all new cancer cases of USA (htps://seer. cancer.gov/statfacts/html/thyro.html). Thus, there is a high possibility for every physician to encounter a case of thyroid cancer during his/her professional lifetime. In this chapter, we clariied epidemiology, diferent categories, and new approaches toward diagnosis and management of thyroid cancer.Keywords: thyroid cancer, epidemiology, diferentiated thyroid cancer, undiferentiated thyroid cancer, thyroid nodule Detailed epidemiology of thyroid cancerAs the most common endocrine cancer and ifth most common cancer in women, thyroid cancer includes approximately 1-1.5% of all new cases of cancer diagnosed annually in the USA based on previous data [1][2][3]. Thyroid cancer is more prevalent among women and those with positive family history of thyroid disease. Some prior studies have reported a worldwide increasing trend for thyroid cancer incidence in recent decades [4]. Annual percent change (APC) is a commonly used indicator for the assessment of changes in incidence. Based on US National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program, it has been reported 2.4% from 1980 to 1997 and 6.6% from 1997 to 2009 in both genders for thyroid cancer (data available at htp://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/thyro.html).© 2017 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.According to [2009][2010][2011][2012][2013] data, the rate of new cases of thyroid cancer was 13.9 per 100,000 men and women per year (Figure 1). Table 1 summarizes number of new cases per 100,000 persons by race/ethnicity and sex. A recently published study on adolescent cancer incidence during 1975-2012 has reported a 2.12% increase for females and 1.59% for males between 15 and 19 years of age [5]. However, there is a study indicating that thyroid cancer incidence trend has slowed following release of American Thyroid Association (ATA) guideline in 2009 [6, 7]. It has been reported that overall thyroid cancer incidence had an increasing trend about 8% per year from 2000 to 2009. But APC showed a deceleration about 3% in men and 2.8% in women, which was conined to tumors less than 2.9 cm of size for women [7].Also, thyroid cancer-related mortality was estimated to consist 0.3% of all cancer-related deaths in 2016. A 5-year survival rate of 98.1% has been reported for thyroid cancer. Despite increasing trend of incidence, thyroid cancer mortality has a relatively stable rate about 0.5 cases per 100,000 persons both from 1973 to 2002 and 2009 to 2013 [8, 9].In conclusion, it seems that thyroid cancer has been following an ...

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mentioning

confidence: 90%

Thyroid Cancers: Considerations, Classifications, and Managements

Khosravi¹,

Kouhi²,

Saeedi³

et al. 2017

Diagnosis and Management of Head and Neck Cancer

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“…Subsequently, thyroid cancer was first reported also in patients with HCV infection regardless of the presence of other HCV-related manifestations (21); this finding supported the hypothesis of the oncogenic potential of HCV through the direct infection of thyrocytes with the possible contribution of the pathogenetic process responsible for AT (22, 23). Essentially, this latter reproduces the same multistep process already demonstrated for HCV lymphotropism with “benign” B-cell proliferation and subsequent lymphomagenesis (6, 7).…”

Section: Thyroid Disease Associated With MCmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…Therefore, it could be hypothesized that HCV may lead toward chronic stimulation of the immune system (Figure 1, left), namely the T-helper 1 lymphocytes, which secrete interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, that in turn perpetuate the immune cascade increasing the levels of the chemokines cited above (Figure 2). Finally, the sustained activation of the immune system is at the basis of thyroid immune-mediated damage, leading to AT and other important disorders such as papillary thyroid cancer (21, 22). …”

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid Involvement in Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Patients with/without Mixed Cryoglobulinemia

et al. 2017

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Thyroid involvement is a common condition that can be recorded during the natural course of different systemic rheumatic diseases, including the mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) syndrome or cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. MC is triggered by hepatitis C virus (HCV) chronic infection in the majority of cases; it represents the prototype of autoimmune-lymphoproliferative disorders complicating a significant proportion of patients with chronic HCV infection. HCV is both hepato- and lymphotropic virus responsible for a great number of autoimmune/lymphoproliferative and/or neoplastic disorders. The complex of HCV-related hepatic and extrahepatic manifestations, including MC and thyroid involvement, may be termed “HCV syndrome.” Here, we describe the prevalence and clinico-serological characteristics of thyroid involvement, mainly autoimmune thyroiditis and papillary thyroid cancer, in patients with HCV syndrome with or without cryoglobulinemic vasculitis.

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“…Likewise, HCV infection constitutes a risk factor, not only for HCC but, also, for non-Hodgkin lymphoma and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma [47,48]. Other studies have shown a possible association between HCV infection and both thyroid [49] and liver cancer [50] (Table 1).…”

Section: Hepatitis Virus: B (Hbv) and C Virus (Hcv)mentioning

confidence: 96%

Microbes and Cancer: Friends or Faux?

Azevedo

Pina-Vaz

Baltazar

2020

IJMS

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Cancer is one of the most aggressive and deadly diseases in the world, representing the second leading cause of death. It is a multifactorial disease, in which genetic alterations play a key role, but several environmental factors also contribute to its development and progression. Infections induced by certain viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites constitute risk factors for cancer, being chronic infection associated to the development of certain types of cancer. On the other hand, susceptibility to infectious diseases is higher in cancer patients. The state of the host immune system plays a crucial role in the susceptibility to both infection and cancer. Importantly, immunosuppressive cancer treatments increase the risk of infection, by decreasing the host defenses. Furthermore, alterations in the host microbiota is also a key factor in the susceptibility to develop cancer. More recently, the identification of a tumor microbiota, in which bacteria establish a symbiotic relationship with cancer cells, opened a new area of research. There is evidence demonstrating that the interaction between bacteria and cancer cells can modulate the anticancer drug response and toxicity. The present review focuses on the interaction between microbes and cancer, specifically aiming to: (1) review the main infectious agents associated with development of cancer and the role of microbiota in cancer susceptibility; (2) highlight the higher vulnerability of cancer patients to acquire infectious diseases; (3) document the relationship between cancer cells and tissue microbiota; (4) describe the role of intratumoral bacteria in the response and toxicity to cancer therapy.

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Hepatitis C virus infection and risk of thyroid cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 23 publications

References 18 publications

Thyroid Cancers: Considerations, Classifications, and Managements

Thyroid Cancers: Considerations, Classifications, and Managements

Thyroid Involvement in Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Patients with/without Mixed Cryoglobulinemia

Microbes and Cancer: Friends or Faux?

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