Hepatitis C virus infection among patients with diabetes mellitus in Dammam, Saudi Arabia

Abstract

BackgroundData regarding comorbidities of hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) are lacking. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of HCV among Saudi patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) in Dammam, KSA.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study done in 2011, a total of 1054 Saudi DM patients were randomly selected from the Diabetes Center in Dammam Medical Complex, KSA, for interview and HCV screening using the HCV Rapid Test. Positive cases were later confirmed via INNO-LIA HCV score line immune assay.ResultsSeropositivity of HCV was 1.9 %. DM duration of >5 years increased the probability of HCV risk to 3.7 fold while insulin users were 3.2 times more likely to have HCV infection. Increased hospital admission (3–4 times) also increased HCV risk by 11.5 times and 13.6 times among patients with ≥5 admissions. Similarly, having 3–4 surgical procedures increased HCV risk by 8.6 times and 39.3 times with ≥5 procedures. HCV transmission is 4 times more likely by blood transfusion. Those who shared personal items were 8.5 times more likely to have HCV. Tattooing increased HCV risk by 6.7 times. The likelihood of HCV infection was also higher among DM patients with liver diseases and elevated liver enzymes.ConclusionThe study confirmed a significant association between HCV risk and DM. Frequency of HCV among DM Saudis was 1.9 %. Predictors of HCV among DM patients were sharing personal items, occupational exposure to blood or its products, elevated transaminases, tattooing, disease duration > 5 years, increased hospital admission and blood transfusion.

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus seropositivity is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A case–control study in Xinjiang, China

“…Due to multiple factors, such as suppression of immune defense, microangiopathy, and the hyperglycemic environment, patients with DM are more vulnerable to infection and tend to experience increased mortality from infectious diseases (Korbel et al, 2018;Zoppini et al, 2018). It has been suggested that hepatitis B/C virus and tuberculosis infections are more prevalent in diabetic patients (Ba-Essa et al, 2016;Ronacher et al, 2015;Zhu et al, 2016). Furthermore, increasing reports indicate that there is an association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM-2) and KSHV infection or the development of KS (Caselli et al, 2014;Ingianni et al, 2007;Sobngwi et al, 2008), while the evidence is still limited.…”

Seroprevalence and Molecular Biodiverisity of Hepatitis C Infection in Congolese Diabetics

“…Diabetes and hepatitis C infection are major public health problems worldwide [1] [2]. It is estimated that there are approximately 387 million cases of diabetes in the world.…”

“…It is estimated that there are approximately 387 million cases of diabetes in the world. This number can reach 592 million by 2035 and 185 million the number of patients with viral hepatitis C, 80% of whom are chronic carriers [1] [3] [4]. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality because it can be complicated by cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma [3] [4].…”

Prevalência de marcadores sorológicos para hepatite B e C e potenciais fatores de risco em pacientes com diabetes mellitus de uma Unidade Básica Distrital de Saúde, Ribeirão Preto-SP, 2014

“…Ao longo dos anos, a literatura internacional tem apontado surtos de infecção pelo vírus da hepatite B (HBV) e vírus da hepatite C (HCV) em instituições hospitalares, ambulatoriais e de longa permanência. Os casos de infecção têm-se mostrado mais frequentes em pacientes com diabetes mellitus (DM) do que naqueles sem a doença, sugerindo que os pacientes com DM sejam potencialmente mais susceptíveis à infecção pelo HBV e HCV em decorrência dos procedimentos relacionados ao tratamento e controle da doença, em especial o monitoramento da glicemia capilar (THOMPSON et al, 2009;BENDER et al, 2012;LANINI et al, 2012;REILLY et al, 2012;SCHAFFZIN et al, 2012;SCHILLIE et al, 2012;DIERCKE et al, 2015;BA-ESSA;MOBARAK;AL-DAGHRI, 2016;INAYAT;RAI, 2016;KANWAL et al, 2016). Reconhece-se que quando as normas de controle de infecção durante o monitoramento da glicemia capilar são negligenciadas, tais como, o compartilhamento de canetas lancetadoras, lancetas e de glicosímetros sem o devido processo de desinfecção, pode ocorrer transmissão de microrganismos pelo sangue (KLONOFF;PERZ, 2010;THOMPSON et al, 2010).…”

“…Estudos sobre a prevalência de infecção pelo HCV em pacientes com e sem DM mostram que pacientes com DM apresentam maior prevalência de infecção pelo HCV (CADRANEL et al, 2008;NWOKEDIUKO;OLI, 2008;BA-ESSA;MOBARAK;AL-DAGHRI, 2016;KANWAL et al, 2016).…”