Hepatitis C virus genotypes in patients with chronic liver disease and haemodialysis patients from Saudi Arabia

Al-Faleh, Faleh Z.; Huraib, Sameer; Sbeih, Fayiz; Al-Karawi, Mohamed A.; Al-Rashed, Rashed S.; Al-Mofleh, Ibrahim; Sougiyyah, M.; Shaheen, Mahrukh Akbar; Ramia, S.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2893.1995.tb00044.x

Cited by 39 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…74,75 5) To our knowledge, only one national Saudi study was done on genotyping HCV isolates. 64 Confirmation of this study is needed in light of the recent evidence that HCV genotype might play a role in the response to interferon therapy, 76,77 and that certain HCV genotypes may contribute to more serious liver disease. 78 Furthermore, an agespecific genotyping study is needed, as this might help in identifying certain routes of transmission of HCV.…”

Section: Genotypes Of Hcvmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection in Saudi Arabia: A Review

Al-Faleh

Ramia

1997

Ann Saudi Med

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It is well established now that HCV is the major etiological agent of parenterally transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis (PT-NANBH), [1][2][3] and that it has a worldwide distribution. Studies on HCV infection have led to three striking observations. First, there is a high frequency of chronic infection in a significant number of infected individuals. It is estimated that at least 50% of HCV infections lead to chronic liver disease, including chronic active hepatitis with or without concurrent cirrhosis. [4][5][6] Second, HCV has been implicated as one of the major causative agents of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Japan 7 , Saudi Arabia, 8 and other parts of the world. [9][10] Third, approximately 45% of HCV cases have no obvious risk factors, including parenteral exposure, 4-6 leaving unanswered the question of virus transmission via as yet unidentified routes of exposure. The aim of this article is to review the literature about the extent of HCV infection in Saudi Arabia and see what can be concluded from the studies conducted so far. However, since there have been dramatic advances in the serologic diagnosis of HCV during the past six to seven years, we would first like to briefly review those serologic tests used and their reliability in diagnosing HCV infection. Diagnosis of HCV Infection Anti-HCV enzyme immunoassay (EIA) testsHCV infection, once a diagnosis of "exclusion" based on the absence of markers of acute infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) can now be specifically diagnosed by using serodiagnostic assays for virus-specific antibodies.11 A first-generation anti-HCV EIA test was developed by using recombinant c100-3, derived from the NS3/NS4 region of the genome of HCV, as antigen (Figure 1). The test was used widely and although important data was generated, the test suffered from major drawbacks. These included failure to discover all patients with HCV infection, 12 long "window-phase" before seroconversion (could be up to 12 months), 13 in addition to a high rate of false-positive reactions. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] To circumvent the drawbacks of the anti-HCV c100-3 test, recombinant or synthetic antigens derived from other regions of the HCV genome were included in the test and this is what is referred to as second-generation anti-HCV EIA tests. The additional antigens c22 and c33 were derived from two conserved regions: the structural region (core) and NS3 region, respectively (Figure l). 21,22 In patients with posttransfusion NANBH, the seroconversion rate improved from 54% with the first-generation to 82% with a second-generation test and the time lag to seroconversion decreased from a mean of 6.1 weeks after the onset of hepatitis with the first-generation test to a mean of 2.3 weeks with the second-generation test.23 Thus, the second-generation test reduces the "window-phase" to seroconversion and increases the sensitivity in diagnosing HCV infection, with a dramatic reduction in the number of false-positive reactions seen with the first-generation ...

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Section: Genotypes Of Hcvmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…64 In both groups, genotype 4 was the predominant type (60.7%), followed by types 1b (21.4%), la (14.3%), and 2a (3.6%). As the patients investigated were selected from various regions of the Kingdom, the authors postulate that genotype 4 is the predominant one throughout the entire Kingdom and perhaps in the Middle East.…”

Section: Genotypes Of Hcvmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection in Saudi Arabia: A Review

Al-Faleh

Ramia

1997

Ann Saudi Med

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“…The few published studies have been carried out mainly in institutions in the Riyadh area. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] The purpose of our study was to determine the prevalent HCV genotypes among HCV seropositive Saudi patients in the Western Province, and to study the relationship between types/subtypes, clinical status and liver histology.…”

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confidence: 99%

Hepatitis C Virus Genotyping by Polymerase Chain Reaction and DNA Enzyme Immunoassay among Saudi Patients in the Western Province, Saudi Arabia

et al. 2000

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“…HCV genotype distribution in 28 and 32 Saudi patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) and chronic renal failure (CRF), respectively, was investigated by Al-Faleh et al using the line probe assay method. 16 They reported that genotype 4 was the most prevalent in both conditions, followed by type lb in CLD patients, and type la in CRF patients. A recent study which included serum samples from 32 Saudi hepatitis patients 17 reported that 10/32 samples were type lb, 2/32 were la, and 20/32 were unclassified.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[15][16][17] However, most of these studies have used a limited number of specimens, or those from patients with various conditions and blood donors. In this study, we report genotype distribution among 119 serum from Saudi patients with chronic HCV infection, by identifying genotype-specific sequences in the core region of HCV RNA.…”

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confidence: 99%

Genotyping of Hepatitis C Virus Isolates from Saudi Patients by Analysis of Sequences from PCR-Amplified Core Region of the Virus Genome

1997

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We investigated the genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) among Saudi patients with chronic hepatitis C. Serum specimens from 119 native Saudi Arabian patients with chronic hepatitis C, as documented by serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HCV RNA, were used. Genotyping was performed by reverse transcription-PCR, using specific primers at the core region of HCV genome, and DNA sequencing of the resultant amplicons. It was found that the majority of samples (47.9%) belong to genotype 4, followed by subtype 1b (16.8%), and subtype la (10.1%). Twenty samples (16.8%) were not able to be typed by our method. We confirmed the results by cloning at least one PCR amplicon from each genotype, and determining the nucleotide sequence of the clones. Our findings suggest that genotype 4 is the most common among native Saudi Arabian patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Genotypes lb and la were also prevalent. Ann Saudi Med 1997; 17(6) Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is globally recognized as a major causative agent of posttransfusion and sporadic non-A, non-B hepatitis.1 Infection with HCV could lead to chronicity, with possible progression to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), or complications requiring liver transplantation, such as liver cirrhosis.2 HCV genome is a singlestranded RNA with positive polarity. It is approximately 9400 bases, with a long open reading frame encoding four structural proteins and at least six nonstructural proteins. The genome is flanked by untranslated, conserved regions at both the 5' and 3' ends.3 HCV genome exhibits a high degree of sequence variability from one isolate to another. 4As such, HCV has been classified into a number of genotypes and subtypes. [5][6][7] Genotyping of HCV is of clinical relevance to follow-up interferon therapy, [8][9][10][11] and of epidemiological importance in order to investigate transmission routes and geographical clustering. 12,13 In Saudi Arabia, HCV infection is considered endemic, reaching a serological prevalence of up to 5% in individuals over 50 years of age.14 So far, only three studies have described the distribution of HCV genotypes among Saudi blood donors and patients with liver disease or on hemodialysis.15-17 However, most of these studies have used a limited number of specimens, or those from patients with various conditions and blood donors. In this study, we report genotype distribution among 119 serum from Saudi patients with chronic HCV infection, by identifying genotype-specific sequences in the core region of HCV RNA. Materials and MethodsSerum samples were sent to the Virology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratories at the Research Centre of King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, for the detection of HCV RNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All sera showed elevated liver enzymes, tested positive for anti-HCV antibodies by second-generation ELISA, and were confirmed reactive by RIBA-2. The serum samples were from patients diagnosed to have chronic iiepatitis C infection. By using ...

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Hepatitis C virus genotypes in patients with chronic liver disease and haemodialysis patients from Saudi Arabia

Cited by 39 publications

References 27 publications

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection in Saudi Arabia: A Review

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection in Saudi Arabia: A Review

Hepatitis C Virus Genotyping by Polymerase Chain Reaction and DNA Enzyme Immunoassay among Saudi Patients in the Western Province, Saudi Arabia

Genotyping of Hepatitis C Virus Isolates from Saudi Patients by Analysis of Sequences from PCR-Amplified Core Region of the Virus Genome

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