Hepatitis C virus and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 co-infection: impact on liver disease, virological markers, and neurological outcomes

Espíndola, Otávio de Melo; Vizzoni, AG; Lampe, Elisabeth; Andrada-Serpa, Maria José; Araújo, Abelardo; Leite, Ana Cláudia Celestino Bezerra

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2017.01.037

Cited by 7 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…2000 , Beilke 2012 ). HCV/HTLV-1 co-infected patients harbour less severe hepatic injuries, as confirmed by lower levels of serum liver aminotransferases, other liver enzymes, and fibrosis, when compared with their HCV and HCV/HIV co-infected counterparts ( Cardoso et al 2009 , Bahia et al 2011 , Espíndola et al 2017 ). In addition, studies on HTLV-1 and HIV/HTLV-1 co-infected patients from Brazil found the spontaneous clearance of HCV and/or lower rate of HCV viremia detection ( Moreira et al 2013 , Le Marchand et al 2015 ).…”

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confidence: 91%

“…Changes in the immunological environment, particularly the balance between the Th2 immunological response induced by HCV and the Th1 response induced by HTLV-1, could be an explanation. Specifically, an increase in the spontaneous production of IL-1, IL-2, and IFN-g, reduction in the production of IL-4 by mononuclear cells, and elevated serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines might explain this finding ( Le Marchand et al 2015 , Silva et al 2016 , Espíndola et al 2017 ).…”

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confidence: 98%

“…In addition, although HCV/HTLV-1 co-infection has been associated with better outcomes among patients in Brazil ( Cardoso et al 2009 , Bahia et al 2011 , Moreira et al 2013 , Le Marchand et al. 2015 , Silva et al 2016 , Espíndola et al 2017 ), co-infection with HCV/HTLV-2 was described as having the opposite effect in a study from the USA ( Hisada et al 2003 ). Thus, the screening and discrimination of HTLV-1 from HTLV-2 in patients with viral hepatitis has prognostic value.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Making the invisible visible: searching for human T-cell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) in Brazilian patients with viral hepatitis B and C

Caterino–de–Araujo

Alves

Campos

et al. 2018

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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With this study, the authors hope to alert clinicians regarding the presence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/-2) infections in patients with viral hepatitis B and C in Brazil. HTLV-1/-2 were detected in 1.3% of hepatitis B virus (HBV)- and 5.3% of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected blood samples sent for laboratory viral load measurements. A partial association of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and HTLV-1/-2 infection was detected in patients with HCV (HIV+, 27.3%), whereas this association was almost 100% in HBV-infected patients (HIV+, all except one). The high prevalence of HTLV-1/-2 infection among patients with hepatitis C was of concern, as HTLV-1/-2 could change the natural course of subsequent liver disease. The authors suggest including HTLV-1/-2 serology in the battery of tests used when following patients with viral hepatitis in Brazil, regardless of the HIV status.

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confidence: 91%

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confidence: 98%

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confidence: 99%

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Making the invisible visible: searching for human T-cell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) in Brazilian patients with viral hepatitis B and C

Caterino–de–Araujo

Alves

Campos

et al. 2018

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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“…Achieving an accurate discrimination between HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 may have prognostic value in the outcome of HCV [20]. Some clinical complications, such as increased HCV load, hepatocyte damage, hepatocarcinogenesis, high levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and increases in the spontaneous production of IL-1, IL-2 and IFN-γ, have been more frequently reported in individuals coinfected with HTLV-1/HCV than those with HTLV-2/HCV [23,25,26,29,34,40,43].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Contradictory clinical outcomes in the course of HTLV/HCV coinfection have been reported in Brazil and Japan. A better prognosis was described in coinfected Brazilian individuals who presented higher levels of Th1-type cytokines and CD4+ T lymphocytes, as well as lower hepatic fibrosis and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) [23][24][25][26]. Conversely, a Japanese study involving coinfected individuals described higher viral loads, a more rapid progression to hepatocellular carcinoma and a decreased response to treatment with interferon [15,[27][28][29][30].…”

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confidence: 99%

Distribution of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) and Hepatitis C Co-infection in Bahia, Brazil

et al. 2020

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Both Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are endemic in Brazil. In Salvador, the capital of the state of Bahia, 2% and 1.5% of the general population is infected with HTLV-1 or HCV. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and the distribution of HTLV/HCV coinfection in Bahia. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Central Laboratory of Public Health for the state of Bahia (LACEN-BA). All samples in the LACEN database submitted to serological testing for anti-HCV (chemiluminescence) and anti-HTLV-1/2 (chemiluminescence/ELISA and Western blot) from 2004 to 2013 were included. Infection rate was expressed as the number of infected individuals per 100,000 inhabitants in a given municipality; municipalities were grouped by microregion for further analysis. A total of 120,192 samples originating from 358 of the 417 municipalities in Bahia (85.8%) were evaluated. The overall HCV coinfection rate in HTLV-positive was 14.31% [2.8 (ranging from 0.4 to 8.0) per 100,000 inhabitants.] Twenty-one (5%) of the municipalities reported at least one case of HTLV/HCV coinfection. Most cases (87%) were concentrated in three microregions (Salvador: 79%, Ilhé us/Itabuna: 5%, Porto Seguro: 3%). Coinfection occurred more frequently in males (51%) with a mean age of 59 [(IQR): 46-59] years. HTLV/HCV coinfection in the state of Bahia was more frequently found among males living in the microregions of Salvador, Ilhé us/Itabuna and Porto Seguro, all of which are known to be endemic for HTLV infection.

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Hepatitis C viral load in HCV-monoinfected and HCV/HIV-1-, HCV/HTLV-1/-2-, and HCV/HIV/HTLV-1/-2-co-infected patients from São Paulo, Brazil

Alves

Campos

Lemos

et al. 2018

The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Co-infections of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and either human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) or type 2 (HTLV-2) have been described as having an impact on HCV viremia and subsequent disease progression. HCV load in serum samples from 622 patients (343 males, 279 females; median age 50.8 years) from São Paulo/southeast Brazil was analyzed using the Abbott Real Time HCV assay (Abbott Molecular Inc., IL, USA). Samples were obtained from HCV-monoinfected (n=548), HCV/HIV-1- (n=41), HCV/HTLV-1- (n=16), HCV/HTLV-2- (n=8), HCV/HIV/HTLV-1- (n=4), and HCV/HIV/HTLV-2-co-infected (n=5) patients, and results were compared among the groups and according to sex. The median HCV load in HCV-monoinfected patients was 5.23 log IU/mL and 0.31 log higher in men than in women. Increases in viral load of 0.51 log, 0.54 log, and 1.43 log IU/mL were detected in HCV/HIV-1-, HCV/HTLV-1- and HCV/HIV/HTLV-1-co-infected individuals, respectively, compared with HCV-monoinfected counterparts. In contrast, compared to HCV/HIV co-infected patients, HCV/HTLV-2-co-infected patients had an HCV load of 5.0 log IU/mL, whereas HCV/HIV/HTLV-2-co-infected patients had a median load 0.37 log IU/mL lower. Significant differences in HCV loads were detected, with males and HCV/HIV-1- and HCV/HIV/HTLV-1-co-infected patients presenting the highest values. Conversely, females and HCV/HTLV-2-co-infected patients exhibited lower HCV loads. Overall, HCV viremia is increased in HIV and/or HTLV-1-co-infection and decreased in HTLV-2 co-infection.

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Hepatitis C virus and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 co-infection: impact on liver disease, virological markers, and neurological outcomes

Cited by 7 publications

References 48 publications

Making the invisible visible: searching for human T-cell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) in Brazilian patients with viral hepatitis B and C

Making the invisible visible: searching for human T-cell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) in Brazilian patients with viral hepatitis B and C

Distribution of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) and Hepatitis C Co-infection in Bahia, Brazil

Hepatitis C viral load in HCV-monoinfected and HCV/HIV-1-, HCV/HTLV-1/-2-, and HCV/HIV/HTLV-1/-2-co-infected patients from São Paulo, Brazil

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