Making the invisible visible: searching for human T-cell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) in Brazilian patients with viral hepatitis B and C

Caterino–de–Araujo, Adele; Alves, Fabiana Aparecida; Campos, Karoline Rodrigues; Lemos, Marcílio Figueiredo; Moreira, Regina Célia

doi:10.1590/0074-02760170307

Cited by 18 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Our study is similar to studies conducted in Japan, in which the prevalence of HTLV / HCV coinfection was estimated in HTLV endemic areas [12,15] and in donor donors blood from Ribeirão Preto [22]. In contrast to our analysis, previous studies have evaluated HTLV infection in individuals with hepatitis C who received treatment [20,21]. We found that HTLV-positive individuals presented a significantly higher prevalence for anti-HCV and also had a higher probability of acquiring hepatitis C (OR: 22.9) compared to HTLV-negative individuals.…”

Section: Plos Onesupporting

confidence: 87%

“…In Brazil, epidemiological data on the rate of HTLV/HCV coinfection remains scarce. Only three studies that estimated the prevalence of HTLV/HCV coinfection were recovered in the scientific literature: one in the city of São Paulo and one in the city of Rio de Janeiro, both studies evaluated the coinfection of HTLV / HCV in individuals undergoing HCV treatment [20,21]. The third study was performed in the city of Ribeirão Preto (São Paulo) and evaluated for 11 years the seroprevalence of HTLV and co-infections with other sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV, syphilis and HBV [22].…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Brazil is endemic for both HTLV and HCV, and the presence of coinfection has been rarely reported in HCV patients undergoing treatment, as well as in blood donors, especially those in Southeastern Brazil. The prevalence of HTLV in individuals infected with HCV ranges from 5.3% in São Paulo [20] to 7.5% in Rio de Janeiro [21]. In addition, in blood donors, HCV was found in 35.9% of first-time HTLV-positive blood donors [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) and Hepatitis C Co-infection in Bahia, Brazil

et al. 2020

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Both Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are endemic in Brazil. In Salvador, the capital of the state of Bahia, 2% and 1.5% of the general population is infected with HTLV-1 or HCV. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and the distribution of HTLV/HCV coinfection in Bahia. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Central Laboratory of Public Health for the state of Bahia (LACEN-BA). All samples in the LACEN database submitted to serological testing for anti-HCV (chemiluminescence) and anti-HTLV-1/2 (chemiluminescence/ELISA and Western blot) from 2004 to 2013 were included. Infection rate was expressed as the number of infected individuals per 100,000 inhabitants in a given municipality; municipalities were grouped by microregion for further analysis. A total of 120,192 samples originating from 358 of the 417 municipalities in Bahia (85.8%) were evaluated. The overall HCV coinfection rate in HTLV-positive was 14.31% [2.8 (ranging from 0.4 to 8.0) per 100,000 inhabitants.] Twenty-one (5%) of the municipalities reported at least one case of HTLV/HCV coinfection. Most cases (87%) were concentrated in three microregions (Salvador: 79%, Ilhé us/Itabuna: 5%, Porto Seguro: 3%). Coinfection occurred more frequently in males (51%) with a mean age of 59 [(IQR): 46-59] years. HTLV/HCV coinfection in the state of Bahia was more frequently found among males living in the microregions of Salvador, Ilhé us/Itabuna and Porto Seguro, all of which are known to be endemic for HTLV infection.

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Section: Plos Onesupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) and Hepatitis C Co-infection in Bahia, Brazil

et al. 2020

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“…The LIA confirmed the presence of HTLV-2 in 11/21 (52.4%) of the WB-indeterminate samples. The high number of HTLV-2-positive samples in G2 leads us to suppose that these patients acquired HBV and HCV, as well HTLV-1/2 and HIV, at the same time, probably by the parenteral route and prior to the time when serological testing for HIV and HBV (1989), and subsequently for HTLV and HCV (1993), became mandatory in blood banks throughout Brazil; in addition, intravenous drug addiction was more frequent in this country, as previously described (18)(19)(20). Corroborating this hypothesis, older age and male sex predominated in G2.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…The serum samples employed in the present study were obtained from the biorepositories of the HTLV Research Laboratory (LPHTLV), Department of Immunology, Adolfo Lutz Institute (IAL), located in São Paulo, Brazil, and the Integrated and Multidisciplinary HTLV Center (CHTLV), located at the Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health (EBMSP) in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Briefly, the samples from São Paulo were collected between 2012 and 2016 in the course of previous studies designed to detect the prevalence of HTLV-1/2 in HIV-infected individuals as well as in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the state of São Paulo, Brazil (14,15,(18)(19)(20). The samples from Salvador, Bahia, were obtained by routine diagnostic procedures at an outpatient clinic in Salvador (CHTLV) from 2015 to 2017; these samples were additionally used to assess the performances of four commercially available HTLV serological screening tests in Brazil (21).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Line Immunoassay for Confirmation and Discrimination of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Infections in Inconclusive Western Blot Serum Samples from Brazil

et al. 2019

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Difficulties in confirming and discriminating human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 infections by serological Western blot (WB) assays (HTLV Blot 2.4; MP Biomedicals) have been reported in Brazil, mainly in HIV/AIDS patients, with a large number of WB-indeterminate and WB-positive but HTLV-untypeable results. Nonetheless, a line immunoassay (LIA) (INNO-LIA HTLV-I/II; Fujirebio) provided enhanced specificity and sensitivity for confirming HTLV-1/2 infections. To add information concerning the improved ability of the LIA in relation to WB when applied to samples of individuals from different risk groups from Brazil, we performed the present study. Three groups were analyzed: group 1 (G1), with 62 samples from HIV/AIDS patients from São Paulo, SP (48 WB indeterminate and 14 HTLV untypeable); group 2 (G2), with 24 samples from patients with hepatitis B or hepatitis C from São Paulo (21 WB indeterminate and 3 HTLV untypeable; 17 HIV seropositive); and group 3 (G3), with 25 samples from an HTLV outpatient clinic in Salvador, Bahia (16 WB indeterminate and 9 HTLV untypeable; all HIV seronegative). Overall, the LIA confirmed HTLV-1/2 infection (HTLV-1, HTLV-2, or HTLV) in 66.1% (G1), 83.3% (G2), and 76.0% (G3) of samples. Interestingly, the majority of WB-indeterminate results were confirmed by the LIA as being HTLV-2 positive in G1 and G2 but not in G3, in which the samples were defined as being HTLV-1 or HTLV positive. These results agree with the virus types that circulate in such patients of different regions in Brazil and emphasize that the LIA is the best serological test for confirming HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections, independently of being applied in HTLV-monoinfected or HTLV-coinfected individuals.

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Decline in human T‐cell lymphotropic virus seroprevalence in blood donors from Minas Gerais, Brazil over a 12‐year period (2006–2017)

Silva-Malta

Silva

Oliveira

et al. 2022

Journal of Medical Virology

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To investigate a 12-year historical series (2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017) of human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-positive blood donations from Fundação Hemominas, Minas Gerais, Brazil, an observational retrospective study was performed to evaluate data of blood donor candidates who were screened for HTLV-1/2 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or chemiluminescence assays and confirmed by Western blot. We analyzed 3 309 716 blood donations covering 2006-2017 that were extracted from the institutional database. In a total of 3 308 738 donations that have complete algorithm tests, the global frequency of HTLV-positive donations was 0.012%. The seroprevalence in first-time blood donors was 28.82/100 000 donors; 0.95/100 000 donations were HTLV-positive in repeat blood donors. The frequency of HTLV-seropositive females was significantly higher than males (odds ratio = 1.85, p < 0.001) in first-time donors. The median age of HTLV-positive first-time and repeat donors was similar (36 and 32 years, respectively). First-time donors ≥41 years had higher odds to be infected. There was a clear tendency of decline in the HTLV-positive donations in the period analyzed, going from 19.26/100 000 donations to 8.50/100 000 donations. The increase in the proportion of repeat donors over the period analyzed (from 23% in 2006 to 67% in 2017) must be the principal factor that contributed to this drop. Our results showed a continuous decline in the frequency of HTLV-positive donations from Minas Gerais, Brazil throughout 12 years and emphasize the importance of having a high rate of repeat donors in blood centers to reduce the residual risk of transfusion-transmitted infections.

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Making the invisible visible: searching for human T-cell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) in Brazilian patients with viral hepatitis B and C

Cited by 18 publications

References 25 publications

Distribution of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) and Hepatitis C Co-infection in Bahia, Brazil

Distribution of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) and Hepatitis C Co-infection in Bahia, Brazil

Line Immunoassay for Confirmation and Discrimination of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Infections in Inconclusive Western Blot Serum Samples from Brazil

Decline in human T‐cell lymphotropic virus seroprevalence in blood donors from Minas Gerais, Brazil over a 12‐year period (2006–2017)

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