Hemophagocytic syndrome in dogs: 24 cases (1996–2005)

Abstract

Results indicated that hemophagocytic syndrome may occur more frequently in dogs than has previously been suspected on the basis of the paucity of reported cases. Although most dogs had definable underlying disease conditions, idiopathic hemophagocytic syndrome was also identified. Hemophagocytic syndrome of any cause is potentially life-threatening; however, the prognosis should be adjusted on the basis of the associated disease process and potential for successful treatment.

Unexpected Thrombocytopenia and Anemia in Cynomolgus Monkeys Induced by a Therapeutic Human Monoclonal Antibody

“…Acquired HPS has been reported in humans, rhesus macaques, rats, cats, and dogs (Weiss 2007;Stromberg et al 1983;Ide et al 2009;Cotroneo, Colby, and Bergin 2011). Causes of HPS, regardless of species, include infections, neoplasms, and altered immune function.…”

Haemophagocytic syndrome in a dog with granulomatous splenitis

“…The disorder often occurs secondary to conditions associated with systemic macrophage activation (Larroche and Mouthon 2004, Weiss 2007, Schram and others 2016). Reactive HPS can be difficult to differentiate from haemophagocytic HS due to significant overlap in the clinical and pathological abnormalities commonly found in both diseases.…”

“…Most cases in people and dogs are associated with conditions which promote systemic macrophage activation. A multi-institutional study of reactive HPS in people found 37 per cent of cases were secondary to neoplasia, 25 per cent due to an infectious agent and 21 per cent associated with an autoimmune disorder; a retrospective study in dogs reported a similar distribution of underlying diseases (Weiss 2007, Schram and others 2016). Serum cytokine profiles of people with HPS indicate these primary disease processes promote uncontrolled T lymphocyte activation (Larroche and Mouthon, 2004, Janka and Lehmberg 2013).…”

“…There was minimal laboratory evidence for immune-mediated anaemia in the case, given the negative Coomb’s test, lack of spherocytosis and lack of autoagglutination. The absence of these features lessened the authors’ clinical suspicion for reactive HPS, since approximately 60 per cent of reported HPS cases are secondary to immune-mediated disorders or an infectious agent (Walton and others 1996, Weiss 2001, Weiss 2007, Moore 2014). That said, the presence of a primary autoimmune disorder could not be totally discounted as an inciting and/or contributing cause of the HPS.…”

“…Haemophagocytic histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is an aggressive, neoplastic entity in which malignant macrophages or histiocytes phagocytise blood components (Moore and others 2006). Antemortem differentiation between the disorders is important due to treatment and prognostic differences, but can be difficult to accomplish due to substantial overlap in the clinical features of cases (Moore and others 2006, Weiss 2007, Moore 2014). For instance, a quartet of clinicopathological abnormalities is commonly observed in both conditions: anaemia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminaemia and hypocholesterolaemia (Moore and others 2006, Weiss 2007).…”