Hemodynamics of the Internal Jugular Vein: An Ultrasonographic Study

“…Other factors may contribute to retrograde flow seen in a healthy population, such as IJV valve incompetence. 28 Despite this finding, most measurement planes had less than 1% retrograde flow for all locations (81/120), indicating the strong tendency of constantly anterograde blood flow.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Reproducibility of Cerebrospinal Venous Blood Flow and Vessel Anatomy with the Use of Phase Contrast-Vastly Undersampled Isotropic Projection Reconstruction and Contrast-Enhanced MRA

Schrauben¹,

Johnson²,

Huston

et al. 2013

American Journal of Neuroradiology

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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency hypothesis raises interest in cerebrospinal venous blood flow imaging, which is more complex and less established than in arteries. For accurate assessment of venous flow in chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency diagnosis and research, we must account for physiologic changes in flow patterns. This study examines day-to-day flow variability in cerebrospinal veins by use of 4D MR flow and contrast-enhanced MRA under typical, uncontrolled conditions in healthy individuals. MATERIALSANDMETHODS Ten healthy volunteers were scanned in a test-retest fashion by use of a 4D flow MR imaging technique and contrast-enhanced MRA. Flow parameters obtained from phase contrast-vastly undersampled isotropic projection reconstruction and contrast-enhanced MRA scoring measurements in the head, neck, and chest veins were analyzed for internal consistency and interscan reproducibility. RESULTS Internal consistency was satisfied at the torcular herophili, with an input-output difference of 2.2%. Percentages of variations in flow were 20.3%, internal jugular vein; 20.4%, azygos vein; 6.8%, transverse sinus; and 5.1%, common carotid artery. Retrograde flow was found in the lower internal jugular vein (4.8%) and azygos vein (7.2%). Contrast-enhanced MRA interscan κ values for the internal jugular vein (left: 0.474, right: 0.366) and azygos vein (−0.053) showed poor interscan agreement. CONCLUSIONS Phase contrast–vastly undersampled isotropic projection reconstruction blood flow measurements are reliable and highly reproducible in intracranial veins and in the common carotid artery but not in veins of the neck (internal jugular vein) and chest (azygos vein) because of normal physiologic variation. Retrograde flow normally may be observed in the lower internal jugular vein and azygos vein. Low interrater agreement in contrast-enhanced MRA scans was observed. These findings have important implications for imaging diagnosis and experimental research of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency.

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“…Previous research has tried to classify the abnormal IJV flow into distinct five groups including: 1) markedly decreased flow with peak velocity below 10cm/s, 2) stasis due to thrombus formation resulting in very low or no flow detected, 3) reversed flow (reflux) 4) increased turbulent flow with abnormal spectral waveforms and 5) pulsatile flow related the arterial pulsations. (Lin, et al 2009) Additionally, the authors showed IJV CSA changes in relation to the respiratory pulsations due to an increase and decrease in intrathoracic pressure. Furthermore, another study showed that when the IJV CSA measurement was performed during normal breathing versus apnea, the flow during apnea had visibly more regular pattern.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Jugular Venous Flow Quantification Using Doppler Sonography

Marr

Jakimovski

Mancini

et al. 2018

Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology

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A consensus on venous flow quantification using echo spectral Doppler sonography is lacking. Doppler sonography data from 83 healthy individuals were examined using manually traced transverse cross-sectional area and diameter-derived cross-sectional area obtained in longitudinal view measurements of the internal jugular vein. Time-averaged velocity over a 4-s interval was obtained in the longitudinal plane using manual tracing of the waveform. Manual and computer-generated blood flow volume calculations were also obtained for the common carotid artery, for accuracy purposes. No differences were detected between semi-automated and manual blood flow volume calculations for the common carotid artery. The manual calculation method resulted in almost twofold larger venous internal jugular vein flow measurements compared with the semi-automated method. Doppler sonography equipment does not provide accurate automated calculation of venous size and blood flow. Until further technological development occurs, manual calculation of venous blood flow is warranted.

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Hemodynamics of the Internal Jugular Vein: An Ultrasonographic Study

Cited by 10 publications

References 23 publications

Assessment of Jugular Venous Blood Flow Stasis and Thrombosis During Spaceflight

Assessment of Jugular Venous Blood Flow Stasis and Thrombosis During Spaceflight

Reproducibility of Cerebrospinal Venous Blood Flow and Vessel Anatomy with the Use of Phase Contrast-Vastly Undersampled Isotropic Projection Reconstruction and Contrast-Enhanced MRA

Jugular Venous Flow Quantification Using Doppler Sonography

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