Hemodynamic responses during standing and sitting activities: a study toward fNIRS-BCI

Abstract

In this paper, we utilized functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) technology to examine the hemodynamic responses in the motor cortex for two conditions, namely standing and sitting tasks. Nine subjects performed five trials of standing and sitting (SAS) tasks with both real movements and imagery thinking of SAS. A group level of statistical parametric mapping (SPM) analysis during these tasks showed bilateral activation of oxy-hemoglobin for both real movements and imagery experiments. Interestingly, the SPM analysis clearly revealed that the sitting tasks induced a higher oxy-hemoglobin level activation compared to the standing task. Remarkably, this finding is persistent across the 22 measured channels at the individual and group levels for both experiments. Furthermore, six features were extracted from pre-processed HbO signals and the performance of four different classifiers was examined in order to test the viability of using SAS tasks in future fNIRSbrain-computer interface (fNIRS-BCI) systems. In particular, two features-combination tests revealed that the signal slope with signal variance represents one of the three best two-combined features for its consistency in providing high accuracy results for both real and imagery experiments. This study shows the potential of implementing such tasks into the fNIRS-BCI system. In the future, the results of this work could pave the way towards the application of fNIRS-BCI in lower limb rehabilitation.

Data Processing in Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Motor Control Research

“…As well, pre-processing and processing should account for differences in the noise due to time, ROI, and population. The information in this review contained in Table S1 [ 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 ,…”

Observation and motor imagery balance tasks evaluation: An fNIRS feasibility study

“…Conventionally, fNIRS detects brain activities by utilizing two wavelengths to measure the variations in oxyhemoglobin (HbO) and deoxy-hemoglobin (HbR) concentration [ 29 , 30 ]. fNIRS has been used in lower limb rehabilitation for investigating the brain activation patterns during standing and sitting [ 26 ], walking [ 31 , 32 ], running [ 33 ], precision stepping [ 34 ], and many other applications reviewed in Refs. [ 35 – 38 ].…”

Recent Developments in Instrumentation of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Systems

“…Among many applications, medical diagnostics, such as functional neuroimaging, cancer diagnosis, rehabilitation, and neurology, have been a drive for numerous investigations and development [3][4][5][6]. Starting in the 1990s, a new chapter of NIRS has spawned numerous efforts to develop functional NIRS (fNIRS) systems for different applications [2,[7][8][9][10]. These efforts followed naturally from the understanding that fNIRS allows functions that are not available by using other techniques.…”