Hematology

Heatley, J. Jill; Russell, Karen E.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-48253-0.00033-7

Cited by 30 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…Blood cell counts and cell morphology, however, are highly variable between reptilian species, even among members of the same genus ( Stacy, Alleman & Sayler, 2011 ; Innis, 2014 ). Such variation is caused by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors like age, sex, season, presence of environmental stressors, parasite load, nutritional status, and capture and restraint ( Campbell, 2014 ; Heatley & Russel, 2019 ). For that reason, the results in this study are compared with other related lizard species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Packed cell volume and RBC counts were similar to closely related lizards ( James et al, 2006 ; Dallwig et al, 2011 ; McEntire et al, 2018 ), and polychromatophilic cell mean was 1.33%. In normal reptiles, the percentage of polychromatophilic red cells is from >1% to 2.5% ( Heatley & Russel, 2019 ). Erythrocyte counts and the presence of a high percentage of polychromasia have been used as an important parameter for health assessments of wild lizards.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In squamate species, lymphocytes are the predominating circulating cell, usually 80% of the leukogram ( Sykes & Klaphake, 2015 ; Heatley & Russel, 2019 ), although in some species heterophils can be the main circulating leukocyte. Hematological data comparisons with other closely related families showed that lymphocytes were the main white cell population in P. gutturosus , followed by heterophils and monocytes ( Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Health status of Polychrus gutturosus based on physical examination, hematology and biochemistry parameters in Costa Rica

Arguedas¹,

Ovares²,

Arguedas

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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Studies evaluating the health status and characteristics of free-ranging wildlife populations are scarce or absent for most species. Saurian health assessments are usually performed in species that have conservation issues or that are kept in captivity. The Berthold’s bush anole (Polychrus guturossus) is one of eight species belonging to the genus Polychrus, the only representative of the family Polychrotidae. Only a handful of studies have been reported concerning these lizard’s morphological variation, ecology, and natural history, probably because P. gutturosus is a canopy dweller and it can be difficult to locate individuals. It is believed that deforestation and habitat modification could pose a threat for this species, although to date no health assessment has been done. The aim of this study was to generate health baseline data on P. gutturosus. Forty Berthold’s bush anoles (20 males and 20 females) were sampled at the Pacific versant in Costa Rica, where physical examination, skin and cloacal temperatures, and blood samples were obtained from individuals immediately after capture. Animals from the studied population were all healthy (body condition 2.5–3.0/5.0). No lesions or ectoparasites were detected, but hemoparasites were found in nine individuals. Hematological and biochemical values were obtained, and the morphology of leukocytes were found to be similar to other iguanians. A positive correlation was found between the tissue enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatinine kinase (CK) and a negative correlation was found between skin and cloacal temperatures and AST and CK. There were positive correlations between female weight and total protein, calcium, and the calcium and phosphorus ratio. No significant inter-sex differences were found in biochemical values, despite females being larger than males. This is the first health assessment performed on a free-ranging canopy dwelling lizard. These findings provide baseline data that may be useful for future monitoring if the species faces changes in health status due to anthropogenic causes or natural disturbances.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Health status of Polychrus gutturosus based on physical examination, hematology and biochemistry parameters in Costa Rica

Arguedas¹,

Ovares²,

Arguedas

et al. 2021

PeerJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…While mammalian haematology can be performed using automated cell counters, reptilian haematologic analyses require manual methods that are technically challenging and more imprecise ( Stacy et al , 2011 ). Each method has a different set of benefits and limitations; however, estimates from blood films method is inexpensive and allows for the observation of leukocyte abnormalities such as toxic heterophils or intra-cellular inclusions ( Heatley and Russel, 2019 ; Winter et al , 2019 ). To reduce inter-analyses variability and inaccuracy, a well-trained technician (J.P.) performed all leukocyte quantification methods, leukocyte differentials and morphological evaluations.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Health evaluations often include physical examination data along with complete blood cell counts, morphological evaluation and biochemical analysis, which provide important information about the health of individuals, as well as the population being studied ( Deem et al , 2009 ; Atkins et al , 2010 ; Boers et al , 2020 ). Due to the logistical difficulties of describing RIs for all wildlife species, using RIs from a taxonomically related species may be helpful in some situations; however, conclusions should be drawn with extreme caution due to wide variation among species ( Heatley and Russell, 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Haematology and plasma biochemistry reference intervals for the critically endangered western Santa Cruz Galapagos tortoise (Chelonoidis porteri)

Nieto-Claudín

Palmer

Esperón

et al. 2021

Conservation Physiology

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Reference intervals (RIs) are an increasingly valuable tool for monitoring captive and free-living wildlife populations. Galapagos tortoises are one of the most emblematic species on Earth with 9 of the 12 extant species considered endangered due to human activities. As part of a long-term health assessment within the Galapagos Tortoise Movement Ecology Programme, we sampled a total of 210 free-living Santa Cruz Galapagos tortoises ( Chelonoidis porteri ). We collected blood from the brachial vein and performed packed cell volume (PCV), total solids (TS), morphological evaluation, white blood cell (WBC) count estimates and differentials and a VetScan biochemistry panel for each individual. We calculated 95% RIs and 90% confidence intervals (CIs) using the Reference Value Advisor tool and following international standard guidelines. Tortoises were categorized by estimated age and sex, with RI and CI reported here for 164 adult tortoises and 46 sub-adult tortoises. We found significant differences between sexes, with adult females presenting a lower PCV and higher values for both calcium and potassium. Among age groups, adult tortoises presented higher PCV, TS and albumin and lower WBC counts, aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase than sub-adult tortoises. We also found that tortoises presented higher numbers of lymphocytes during the dry season, but higher basophils, eosinophils, phosphorus, potassium and TS during the humid season. The heterophil:lymphocyte ratio did not differ between groups. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of formal plasma biochemistry and haematology RI for free-living Galapagos tortoises. With the present study we provide an important diagnostic tool for captive-breeding programs in the Galapagos and zoological institutions globally that care for giant tortoises. The ultimate goal of this study is to contribute to the understanding of giant tortoise baseline health parameters and to inform local management decisions that help to conserve these emblematic species.

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Lizards

Divers

Camus

2020

Exotic Animal Laboratory Diagnosis

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Hematology

Cited by 30 publications

References 74 publications

Health status of Polychrus gutturosus based on physical examination, hematology and biochemistry parameters in Costa Rica

Health status of Polychrus gutturosus based on physical examination, hematology and biochemistry parameters in Costa Rica

Haematology and plasma biochemistry reference intervals for the critically endangered western Santa Cruz Galapagos tortoise (Chelonoidis porteri)

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