Lizards

Divers, Stephen J.; Camus, Melinda S.

doi:10.1002/9781119108610.ch18

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…In 18 samples from the same healthy green iguanas (fasted for 48 h), the mean plasma bile acid concentration (9.56 ± 8.52 μmol/l) was very similar to the results of McBride et al (2006). The data collected from the pilot study suggested that 3α-hydroxy bile acid concentrations would be significantly increased by feeding for at least 8 h (McBride et al 2006), and these authors recommended to fast green iguanas for 48 h prior to bile acid determination (Divers 2020). This is in accordance with our current results.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

“…While acute liver diseases in reptiles may be associated with elevations of several enzyme activities including aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase, there is still a lack of in-formation concerning the existence of a feasible method for monitoring chronic liver failure in reptiles (Campbell 2004;Divers 2020). Studies that have been performed to characterise the bile acids https://doi.org/10.17221/10/2023-VETMED in reptiles demonstrate that a variety of different bile acids are produced, nevertheless, 3-α bile acids appear to be conserved amongst all reptile groups (Schaffner 1998;McBride et al 2006;Divers 2019).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the clinical symptoms of liver failure in reptiles are nonspecific the attention is focused on methods of indirect diagnostics, such as diagnostic imaging, clinical haematology and plasma chemistry (Divers and Cooper 2000;Hernandez-Divers and Cooper 2006). Monitoring of bile acid concentrations (BA) in the peripheral blood of reptiles is still at the centre of attention because elevated values are supposed to be present in patients suffering from chronic liver disease (Montesinos et al 2002;McBride et al 2006;Divers 2019;Heatley and Russell 2019;Divers 2020).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Plasma bile acids in healthy green iguanas and iguanas with chronic liver diseases

Knotek,

Knotkova,

Cermakova

et al. 2023

Vet. Med.

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The aim of the study was to establish reference values for plasma bile acid (BA) concentrations in a collection of healthy green iguanas and to compare the results with BA concentrations in iguana patients presented to the clinic with various types of chronic liver diseases, patients with other chronic diseases and healthy iguanas that were presented for routine or pre-surgical health check-up. The concentration of BA was determined using the enzymatic colorimetric method. Mean plasma bile acid concentration in 110 samples from healthy green iguanas fasted for 24 h was higher (15.89 ± 15.61 μmol/l) than plasma bile acid concentration in the same iguanas fasted for 48 h (9.56 ± 8.52 μmol/l) (P < 0.01). The 3α-hydroxy bile acid concentration was significantly altered in 9 patients suffering from chronic liver diseases (diagnosed by histology) (84.85 ± 22.29 µmol/l). BA concentration in one iguana with hepatocellular adenoma (13.0 µmol/l) was within the interval of BA in healthy iguanas. Mean plasma BA concentration in 10 green iguanas that were suffering from various types of chronic diseases, but without any hepatopathy was 7.85 ± 4.86 μmol/l. The mean plasma BA concentration in 18 samples from green iguanas presented to the clinic for routine health check-ups and 17 green iguana females with preovulatory follicle stasis (POFS) syndrome presented for ovariectomy was 11.95 ± 9.43 μmol/l and 12.97 ± 9.06 μmol/l, respectively. The data collected from this study suggest that plasma bile acids are significantly increased in green iguanas suffering from chronic liver diseases.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Plasma bile acids in healthy green iguanas and iguanas with chronic liver diseases

Knotek,

Knotkova,

Cermakova

et al. 2023

Vet. Med.

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“…Anaemia caused by acute blood loss is a common clinical presentation in reptiles (Wu and Chie 2014). While some authors mention that blood transfusions are uncommon in reptile practice as most severe cases of anaemia are chronic in nature (Divers and Camus 2020), a number of reports document that reptile patients with acute severe anaemia could benefit from single or multiple blood transfusions (McCracken et al 1994;Wack and Anderson 2004;Mehalick et al 2007;Wu and Chie 2014;Louis et al 2020). Successful heterologous blood transfusions with or without cross-matching (a simple slide agglutination test between the recipient and the donors) have been performed in semi-aquatic terrapins (Wu andChie 2014) andpythons (McCracken et al 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Performing cross-matching is recommended before any repeated or heterologous transfusion in reptiles (McCracken et al 1994). Transfusions should be intraspecific, because red cell isoantigens and serum agglutinins are determined, and physiologic determinants of blood types exist in reptiles (Bond 1940a;Bond 1940b;Hildeman 1962;Divers and Camus 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of blood storage on the haematological values in captive green iguanas (Iguana iguana)

Koleckarova¹,

Knotková²,

Knotek³

2022

Vet. Med. - Czech

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of long-term blood storage in citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine (CPDA-1) on selected haematological values in the green iguana. Seven adult captive-bred green iguanas (Iguana iguana) were enrolled in this study. Samples of CPDA-1-blood mixture (ratio 1 : 7) were kept at 4 °C for 28 days. Haematological examinations were performed immediately after the blood was collected (D0) and repeated at one-week intervals (D7, D14, D21 and D28). The total erythrocyte and leukocyte counts at D21 and D28 differed significantly from the values at D0 (P < 0.05). Significant differences (P < 0.05) in the haemoglobin concentrations (in comparison to D0) were detected at D14, D21 and D28. Starting at D14, marked erythrocyte degradation was present in the majority of the samples and various degrees of leukocyte degradation were present in all the samples. The mean haemolytic scores at D0, D7, D14, D21 and D28 were 0.14 ± 0.38, 0.71 ± 0.95, 1.43 ± 0.98, 2.14 ± 1.35 and 2.43 ± 1.62, respectively. The results indicate that it is possible to keep the whole blood of green iguanas in CPDA-1 at 4 °C for seven days, as statistically significant changes in the haematological values begin to appear on the 14<sup>th</sup> day of blood storage.

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