Hematological Indices of Turkey Embryos Incubated at High Altitude as Affected by Oxygen and Shell Permeability

Abstract

Turkey eggs (Meleagris gallopavo) were incubated at an altitude of 1,707 m to test the effects of oxygen supplementation and increased eggshell permeability by removal of shell cuticle on embryonic hematology. Turkey embryo hematological indices measured were red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, mean cellular volume, mean cellular hemoglobin, and percentage of reticulocytes. Although hemoglobin concentration measured during pipping increased as expected by increasing RBC, no significant differences were observed between oxygenation, or permeability treatments, or their interaction. Under the high altitude conditions of the present experiment, increased hemoglobin concentrations in all treatments corresponded to increased numbers of erythrocytes with constant mean cellular hemoglobin. None of the remaining hematological indices examined was affected by oxygen or permeability treatments. It was concluded that turkey embryos incubating at 1,707-m elevation make no additional changes in hemoglobin concentrations during the plateau stage in oxygen consumption (25, 26, and 27 days of incubation) when exposed to increased oxygen tension (151 mm Hg versus 135 mm Hg) or increased eggshell permeability (19.9 mg H2O/day per mm Hg versus 23.2 mg H2O/day per mm Hg).

Effect of Oxygen and Maternal Dietary Iodine on Embryonic Carbohydrate Metabolism and Hatchability of Turkey Eggs

“…The General Linear Models procedure (SAS Institute, 1989) was used. Data collected from the embryos were sorted by stage of development (Bagley et al, 1990) before analysis, using the same factorial arrangement as was used for hatchability. All organ weights were analyzed on an absolute basis as well as relative to body weights.…”

Effect of mating combination and environmental factors on hatchability of chicken eggs in Tibet

“…The chicken embryos would die in great numbers because of oxygen deficiency especially after 18 days when chicken embryos increase their aerobic capacity due to the transition from allantois chorion respiration to pulmonary respiration. Under the condition of oxygen deficiency within the incubator, normal metabolism will be restrained, while speeding up metabolism of the compensation mechanism of chick embryo (Visschedijk and Rahn, 1981;Bagley et al, 1990). As a result, to retain normal embryonic development under the anoxic condition of the Plateau, it is necessary to take some oxygenation measures besides ventilation.…”

Pengaruh Penggunaan Protein dan Kultur Khamir Dalam Ransum Terhadap Mortalitas Embrio Ayam Arab

“…Mrtalitas embrio ini mengurangi nilai efisiensi reproduksi dan meningkatkan biaya produksi yang harus dikeluarkan. Tingkat mortalitas embrio yang lebih tinggi terjadi pada kalkun hingga 15% dari total telur fertil yang ditetaskan (Bagley et al, 1990). Dalam kondisi nutrien yang rawan dalam perkembangan embrio, kehadiran protein albumen dapat berperan sebagai sumber asam amino yang aktif diperlukan bagi tetap berlangsungnya perkembangan embrio.…”

“…Menurut Bagley et al (1990) tingkat mortalitas embrio yang tinggi pada akhir penetasan diakibatkan adanya proses suksesi yang kompleks, misalnya proses maturasi, mulainya aktivitas otot, perubahan sirkulasi darah dan meningkatnya konsumsi oksigen. Perubahan sistem respirasi Chorionallantois (secara difusi) ke sistem respirasi menggunakan paru-paru juga menjadi faktor penting yang perlu dipertimbangkan dalam mengevaluasi mortalitas embrio ayam pada minggu terakhir penetasan.…”