Hematological and Biochemical Reference Intervals for 5 Adult Hunting Dog Breeds Using a Blood Donor Database

Training has a great impact on the physiology of an athlete and, like all stressful stimuli, can trigger an innate immune response and inflammation, which is part of a wider coping strategy of the host to restore homeostasis. The Thoroughbred racehorse is a valid animal model to investigate these changes thanks to its homogeneous training and highly selected genetic background. The aim of this study was to investigate modifications of the innate immune response and inflammation in young untrained Thoroughbred racehorses during the first training season through haematological and molecular investigations. Twenty-nine Thoroughbred racehorses were followed during their incremental 3-month sprint exercise schedule. Blood collection was performed at time 0 (T0; before starting the intense training period), 30 days after T0 (T30), and 90 days after T0 (T90). Haematological parameters (red and white blood cells, haemoglobin, and platelets) were evaluated and haematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and red cells width distribution + standard deviation (RDW-SD) were calculated. Moreover, via RT-qPCR, we investigated the expression of, Interleukin 1β (IL-1β), Interleukin 4 (IL-4) Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Interleukin 2 (IL-2), Interleukin 3 (IL-3), Interleukin 5 (IL-5) Interleukin 8 (IL-8), Trasformig Growth Factor β and α (TGF-β), Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and Interferon γ (IFN-γ)genes. Main corpuscular volume (MCV) showed a significant (p = 0.008) increase at T90. Main corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values were significantly augmented at both T30 (p < 0.001) and T90 (p < 0.001). Basophils were significant increased at T30 (p = 0.02) and eosinophils were significantly increased at T90 (p = 0.03). Significant differences in gene expression were found for all the genes under study, with the exception of IFN-γ and TNF-α. In particular, IL-2 (T30, p = 0.011; T90, p = 0.015), IL-4 (T30, p = 0.009; T90, p < 0.001), and IL-8 (T30, p < 0.001; T90, p < 0.001) genes were significantly upregulated at both T30 and T90 with respect to T0, TGF-β was intensely downregulated at T30 (p < 0.001), IL-5 gene expression was significantly decreased at T90 (p = 0.001), while IL-1β (p = 0.005) and IL-3 (p = 0.001) expression was strongly augmented at the same time. This study highlighted long-term adjustments of O2 transport capability that can be reasonably traced back to exercise adaptation. Moreover, the observed changes of granulocyte numbers and functions and inflammatory cytokine gene expression confirm a major role of the innate immune system in the response to the complex of stressful stimuli experienced during the training period.

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“…The Sysmex analyser has been recently validated for the leukocyte count in veterinary medicine [ 1 , 21 , 47 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Response in Young Thoroughbred Racehorses under Training

Cappelli

Amadori²,

Mecocci

et al. 2020

Animals

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“…For a suitable systemic ozone evaluation, differences between animal and human blood composition have to be taken into consideration. It is also important to notice that the human hematological and biochemical range are different when compared with the animals, which also diverges according to the gender, age, species, breed, and the altitude that those animals are ( Miglio et al., 2020 ; Mortola and Wilfong, 2017 ; Scholkmann et al., 2019 ; Wintrobe and Shumacker, 1936 ). For example, while in dogs, the hematocrit references value are between 37-55% in dogs, 24-45% in cats, 32-48% in horses and 41-54% in humans; the blood cell distribution in M/mm³ is 5-8,5 in dogs, 5-10 in cats, 6-12,9 in horses and 4,3-6 in humans ( Klaassen, 1999 ; Soares et al., 2012 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ozone and its derivatives in veterinary medicine: A careful appraisal

Orlandin

Machado

Ambrósio

et al. 2021

Veterinary and Animal Science

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Highlights In the Vet field, there are lot of scientific publications with missing or incomplete data, poor case reports and papers without a control group or unrepresentative sample. Differences between animal and human blood composition, anatomy and physiology must be taken into consideration, especially in therapies not yet fully approved. Some practitioners produce their own ozonated solution or autohemotherapy, in the absence of information regarding the compatibility of the material used. Other than the properties of the commercial preparations, the standardization of both treatment methods and times influence the results obtained with ozone therapy.

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“…The classic deviations for helminthiases were an increase in the number of leukocytes in young dogs and a sharp increase in the content of eosinophils in animals of both ages. These changes in the morphological parameters of the blood indicate an inflammatory process in patients and the immunological response to the sensitizing factor -metabolites and somatic substances of parasites (Shamsi et al, 2018;Miglio et al, 2020). However, the appearance of basophils in young and severe basophilia in adult dogs was specific, which may be justified by chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract (due to mechanical intervention of adult nematodes in the intestinal wall) and the same allergic reactions to helminths (Reck et al, 2011;Abbott & Allen, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-infection of Trichuris vulpis and Toxocara canis in different aged dogs: Influence on the haematological indices

Saichenko

Antipov

Bakhur³

et al. 2021

Biosys. divers.

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Trichuris vulpis and Toxocara canis are worldwide parasitic nematodes affecting dogs and mammals of the Canine family. Due to the special structure of the shells, the eggs of these geohelminths can maintain their viability in soil, sand, water and the environment for a long time. The study involved young (6–12 months old) and adult (1.5–8.0 years old) dogs affected by co-infection of T. vulpis + T. canis; the control group consisted of dewormed healthy animals of the same age. Parasitological examination of dogs' faeces was performed using a "Counting Chamber for Ovoscopic Researches"; morphological parameters, indicators of nutrient metabolism, mineral metabolism and activity of enzymatic systems were determined in blood and serum. According to the results of parasitological research on the dogs, it was found that young animals are more prone to toxocarosis, and adults – trichurosis. The co-infection of nematodes T. vulpis + T. canis in dogs develops several changes in haematological parameters: a significant decrease in erythrocytes, haemoglobin, MCV, MCH, and haematocrit, leukocytosis with basophils and eosinophilia in young infected animals; and eosinophilia and basophilia (15.9 times) in adults, compared with healthy dogs of the same age. Among the changes in serum biochemical parameters, young infected dogs showed a decrease in the concentration of total protein and albumin content, an increase in the content of "acute phase" proteins (α-1, α-2 and β-globulins), an increase in cholesterol and total bilirubin; in adult infected dogs, a decrease in albumin content, an increase in the content of α-1, α-2, and β-globulins, an increase in the concentration of cholesterol and total bilirubin, a decrease in the concentration of urea in comparison with healthy animals were determined. Also, among the indicators of mineral metabolism, a decrease in the concentration of calcium and magnesium in the serum was found in young infected dogs. Among the changes in the enzyme metabolism in the serum of infected dogs, there was an increase in the activity of all studied enzymes in animals of both research groups: ALT, AST, α-amylase, GGT and ALP. Thus, co-infection with nematodes T. vulpis + T. canis has a complex pathogenic effect on the body of dogs of all ages, which manifested itself in multiple changes in haematological parameters. In the future, the authors’ team plan to develop comprehensive measures to combat nematode infections in different living conditions of dogs, taking into account the results of the current research.

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Hematological and Biochemical Reference Intervals for 5 Adult Hunting Dog Breeds Using a Blood Donor Database

Cited by 21 publications

References 44 publications

Immune Response in Young Thoroughbred Racehorses under Training

Immune Response in Young Thoroughbred Racehorses under Training

Ozone and its derivatives in veterinary medicine: A careful appraisal

Co-infection of Trichuris vulpis and Toxocara canis in different aged dogs: Influence on the haematological indices

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