Hematologic Reference Intevals for Spider Monkeys (Ateles Geoffroyi) in Managed Care With Respect to Sex and Age

Hematological and serum biochemistry evaluation in howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) and capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella): A comparative study

“…However, the interaction does not indicate whether these differences are significant or not, so it is possible that the interaction was a product of our sample size. The sex differences observed in howler monkeys are consistent with previous reports in platyrrhine species, including other howler monkey species, 21,22,67 capuchin monkeys, 16,63,64,68,69 owl monkeys, 23 squirrel monkeys, 24 black‐tufted marmoset, 25,26 spider monkeys, 27 and humans 70 . These sex differences have been associated with the stimulatory effect of testosterone on erythropoiesis, and the inhibitory effect of estrogen 16,37,70,71 but also related to genetic differences, such as the difference between males and females in erythropoietin gene and its receptor 72…”

“…However, the interaction does not indicate whether these differences are significant or not, so it is possible that the interaction was a product of our sample size. The sex differences observed in howler monkeys are consistent with previous reports in platyrrhine species, including other howler monkey species, 21,22,67 capuchin monkeys, 16,63,64,68,69 owl monkeys, 23 squirrel monkeys, 24 black-tufted marmoset, 25,26 spider monkeys, 27 and humans. 70 These sex differences have been associated…”

“…Other studies showed the same trend, though not significant, in capuchin monkeys, 16,63 marmosets ( Callithrix sp. ), 26 owl monkeys, 23 and spider monkeys 27 . This differs from one study in humans, in which the platelets had a significant positive correlation with age, though the authors highlighted that the impact of age seemed to be of minor relevance when compared with other factors such as sex and MPV 83 .…”

“…21,77 In this study, males had significantly lower platelet counts than females in both species, which was similar to results described recently in spider monkeys. 78 Previous studies, although without significant difference, reported lower values for platelets in males in other platyrrhine species such as howler monkeys, 21,35,67 capuchin monkeys, 19,69,79 spider monkeys, 27 and in catarrhines including vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) 80 and long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and rhesus monkeys (M. mulatta). 81 Furthermore, in humans, the higher platelets observed in women 82,83 F I G U R E 2 Negative effect of age (A) and interaction between species and parasite presence (B) in white blood cells in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella) and howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya).…”

“…In this context, hematological and biochemical evaluations are standard laboratory tests in every animal facility and have been described in many platyrrhines such as capuchin monkeys, 16–19 howler monkeys, 20–22 owl monkeys ( Aotus azarae infulatus ), 23 squirrel monkeys ( Saimiri collinsi ), 24 black‐tufted marmoset ( Callithrix penicillate ), 25,26 and spider monkeys ( Ateles geoffroy ) 27 . However, these parameters can vary with sex, age, parasites, or if individuals are reared under different environmental conditions, which can interfere with the results 28 …”