“…Other materials of interest for nuclear reactor design that have been the subject of HIM irradiation studies include silicon carbide grains in a pyrolytic carbon matrix [79], α-LiAlO 2 pellets [80], tristructural-isotropic fuel particles [81], oxide dispersion-strengthened steels [82], tungsten [83][84][85], an Fe-Zr alloy [86], a Y 2 O 3 /Fe bilayer [87], and nanocluster films of magnetite and core-shell iron-magnetite nanoparticles [88]. In these studies, various implantation effects have been investigated, including the tendency for grain boundaries and interfaces to act as sinks for irradiation-induced defects and implanted ions [79,80,82,83,86,87], and at higher doses, the subsurface swelling that results in blistering and delamination [84] (Figure 3d), which for deployment of a material in a reactor needs to be avoided [80,[82][83][84][85].…”