Helium and hydrogen trapping in W and Mo single-crystals irradiated by He ions

The effects of high fluence mixed-species (deuterium, helium, beryllium) plasma interactions with tungsten

“…In a few instances, He blistering is observed at moderate temperature below 800 K [11], but more serious effects such as the formation of pits, holes and bubbles occur at high-temperature, above 1600 K [12][13][14]. The accumulation of He in defects and vacancies [15,16] is believed to be responsible for these effects but the precise mechanisms are not well understood.…”

Cluster dynamics modeling of accumulation and diffusion of helium in neutron irradiated tungsten

“…Therefore, effects of He ion irradiation on W and other metals have been investigated extensively over a wide range of burning plasma conditions with different ion energy, temperature and fluency, using ion accelerators or large-sized plasma confinement devices as well as several analysis techniques [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Related theoretical works have also been performed based on the cluster dynamics model [13,14] and kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) model [15,16] recently.…”

Surface morphology and deuterium retention in tungsten exposed to low-energy, high flux pure and helium-seeded deuterium plasmas

“…It is known that He irradiation leads to such structure modification as bubble formation, vacancy swelling, blistering, flaking, porous surface structure, depending on the irradiation conditions [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Retention of hydrogen isotopes in W is enhanced by pre-irradiation with He ions at energies of several keV [8][9][10][11][12], whereas sequential 500 eV He 473K significantly reduces the number of blisters [15].…”