Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factors—Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogenicity in the Gastric Microenvironment

Baj, Jacek; Forma, Alicja; Sitarz, Monika; Portincasa, Piero; Garruti, Gabriella; Krasowska, Danuta; Maciejewski, Ryszard

doi:10.3390/cells10010027

Cited by 205 publications

(210 citation statements)

References 372 publications

(386 reference statements)

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“…Gastric cancer constitutes one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, and since it is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths, there is an urgent need to seek the most effective treatment strategies either as early prevention (primarily as a protection against Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection) or as therapy for early or advanced stages of gastric carcinogenesis [23][24][25][26]. Quite recently, there has been increasing interest in the possible application of Allium and its constituents as an additional treatment option for patients with gastric cancer as a part of the implementation of herbal medicine in the field of oncology.…”

Section: Gastric Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential Application of Allium Extracts in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Cancers

Forma

Chilimoniuk

Januszewski

et al. 2021

Gastroenterology Insights

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Herbal medicine is currently widely practiced, since natural resources are reported to alleviate side effects during oncological treatment while modifying cancer cell responses at the same time. Allium vegetables and their constituents have recently been extensively investigated due to the numerous possible beneficial properties, establishing them as an additional treatment modality in different cancers. According to the epidemiological evidence, as well as many in vivo and in vitro studies, the abovementioned substances seem to be effective in the prevention and inhibition of the progression of carcinogenesis. Due to high concentrations of organosulfur compounds, which exhibit anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, as well as anti-inflammatory properties, Allium constituents are believed to constitute a promising prevention and supportive therapy for oncological patients. Besides, it was demonstrated that a combination of Allium extracts with chemotherapy provided satisfactory clinical outcomes while at the same time being cost-effective. The aim of this review was to present and discuss currently investigated Allium extracts and their effects on several gastrointestinal cancers including gastric, colon, liver, esophageal, and pancreatic cancer.

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Section: Gastric Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential Application of Allium Extracts in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Cancers

Forma

Chilimoniuk

Januszewski

et al. 2021

Gastroenterology Insights

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“…Furthermore, immune responses of types Th1 and Th17 are observed, regulated by the cytokines IL-23 and IL-12. The inability of the mechanisms of natural immunity to recognize and eliminate H. pylori leads to the development of acute inflammation and to the attraction of macrophages and T and B lymphocytes and selective differentiation with concomitant Treg (Regulatory T cell) differentiation [151]. This condition further allows the bacterium to escape from the host's immune processes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

40 Years of Helicobacter pylori: A Revolution in Biomedical Thought

Charitos

D’Agostino

Topi

et al. 2021

Gastroenterology Insights

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Background: Various microorganisms such as bacteria, virus, and fungi can infect humans and cause not just a simple infection but septic conditions, organ dysfunction, and precancerous conditions or cancer involving various organ systems. After the discovery of the microscope, it was easier to discover and study such microorganisms, as in the case of Helicobacter pylori, a pathogen that was seen in the distant era of the nineteenth century but without being recognized as such. It took 100 years to later discover the pathogenesis and the cancer that this bacterium can cause. Since it was discovered, until today, there has been a continuous search for the understanding of its pathogenetic mechanisms, and the therapeutic approach is continuously updated. Methods: We investigated how diagnosis and therapy were dealt with in the past and how researchers sought to understand, exactly, the pathogenetic biomolecular mechanisms of H. pylori, from the genesis of the infection to the current knowledge, with an analysis of carcinogenic mechanisms in the stomach. We have examined the scientific evolution of the knowledge of the disease over these 40 years in the gastroenterological and pharmacological fields. This was possible through a search in the databases of Medline, the WHO website, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website, PubMed, and Web of Science to analyze the earlier and the latest data regarding H. pylori. Results: With the scientific discoveries over time, thanks to an increasing number of progressions in scientific research in the analysis of the gastric mucosa, the role of Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer, carcinogenesis, and in some forms of gastric lymphoma was revealed. Furthermore, over the years, the biomolecular mechanism involvement in some diseases has also been noted (such as cardiovascular ones), which could affect patients positive for H. pylori. Conclusions: Thanks to scientific and technological advances, the role of the bacterium H. pylori in carcinogenesis has been discovered and demonstrated, and new prospective research is currently attempting to investigate the role of other factors in the stomach and other organs. Cancer from H. pylori infection had a high incidence rate compared to various types of cancer, but in recent years, it is improving thanks to the techniques developed in the detection of the bacterium and the evolution of therapies. Thus, although it has become an increasingly treatable disease, there is still continuous ongoing research in the field of treatment for resistance and pharma compliance. Furthermore, in this field, probiotic therapy is considered a valid adjuvant.

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“…Urease and HP-NAP represent major chemotactic factors for neutrophils, whereas LPS and HP-NAP contribute to their activation. Furthermore, outer membrane protein Q of H. pylori promotes neutrophil survival [45]. Infection persistence will determine arousal of lymphocytes within the gastric mucosa, a hallmark of chronic inflammation.…”

Section: Helicobacter Pylori Virulence Factors and Host Immune Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although CagA might not be essential for augmenting IL-8 expression [53], its role in oncogenesis has been attributed to promotion of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), strongly induced by downregulation of programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4) [57]. Contrariwise, VacA is a strong inducer of IL-8 expression and it also favors accumulation of CagA in gastric epithelial cells after disruption of autophagy mechanisms [45,58]. Thus, the most intensely studied H. pylori toxins, CagA and VacA, act synergistically and both lead to EMT, the main biological process responsible for invasion and metastasis of epithelial cells.…”

Section: Helicobacter Pylori-driven Pathways Of Gastric Carcinogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

MicroRNA Modulation of Host Immune Response and Inflammation Triggered by Helicobacter pylori

Săsăran

Meliţ

Dobru

2021

IJMS

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Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) remains the most-researched etiological factor for gastric inflammation and malignancies. Its evolution towards gastric complications is dependent upon host immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize surface and molecular patterns of the bacterium, especially the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and act upon pathways, which will finally lead to activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), a transcription factor that stimulates release of inflammatory cytokines. MicroRNAs (MiRNAs) finely modulate TLR signaling, but their expression is also modulated by activation of NF-kB-dependent pathways. This review aims to focus upon several of the most researched miRNAs on this subject, with known implications in host immune responses caused by H. pylori, including let-7 family, miRNA-155, miRNA-146, miRNA-125, miRNA-21, and miRNA-221. TLR–LPS interactions and their afferent pathways are regulated by these miRNAs, which can be considered as a bridge, which connects gastric inflammation to pre-neoplastic and malignant lesions. Therefore, they could serve as potential non-invasive biomarkers, capable of discriminating H. pylori infection, as well as its associated complications. Given that data on this matter is limited in children, as well as for as significant number of miRNAs, future research has yet to clarify the exact involvement of these entities in the progression of H. pylori-associated gastric conditions.

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Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factors—Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogenicity in the Gastric Microenvironment

Cited by 205 publications

References 372 publications

The Potential Application of Allium Extracts in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Cancers

The Potential Application of Allium Extracts in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Cancers

40 Years of Helicobacter pylori: A Revolution in Biomedical Thought

MicroRNA Modulation of Host Immune Response and Inflammation Triggered by Helicobacter pylori

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