Helicobacter pylori Pathogenicity Islands and Giardia lamblia Cysteine Proteases in Role of Coinfection and Pathogenesis

Abstract

Helicobacter pylori is a well-known human-specific stomach pathogen that infects more than half of the world's population. The infection with this bacterium can cause a variety of gastrointestinal problems, including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and even cancer. H. pylori is a highly infectious bacterium. H. pylori causes an increase in gastric mucosa pH or gastric mucosa intestinal metaplasia. These modifications in the stomach environment are necessary for G. lamblia colonization to occur. Giardia lamblia is a flagellate protozoan parasite that can cause giardiasis in humans and other mammals. It dwells in the duodenum and upper jejunum. Globally, over 280 million cases of human giardiasis are predicted to occur each year. Simultaneous human colonization by G. lamblia and H. pylori is a typical occurrence since the viruses' predisposing factors are similar in both groups. Giardiasis is a parasitic infection that affects both children and adults worldwide. Infection with Giardia is more common in underdeveloped countries. Globally, more than 200 million cases of giardiasis are detected each year. In contrast, the presence of G. lamblia in the host body triggers an immunological response comparable to that of H. pylori, with lymphocytes strongly polarized towards Th1. As a result, their combined presence exacerbates host tissue damage. The major goal of this seminar is to describe the pathophysiology, immunology, and clinical aspects of G. lamblia and H. pylori coinfection using a comprehensive search of PubMed, Lancet, and Google Scholar sources. Upper gastrointestinal problems such as upper abdominal pain, abdominal bloating, nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain/burning, and belching are all caused by both organisms. Differentiation by physical examination is impossible in people infected with both bacteria. For this coinfection distinction, a laboratory diagnosis is required. G. lamblia and H. pylori, when present together, have a synergistic effect on the host and can cause serious damage. As a result, researchers should delve deeper into the mechanics underlying this potential microbial interaction.

Incidence and age distribution of Giardia lamblia infection for sex years in Al-Najaf province in Iraq

“…An increase in the per cent of male infection may be due to males' behaviour in dealing with their surrounding environment. The category most movement, contact with external environmental factors in terms of their survival for a long time outside their homes to practice the business, which imperative them to eat and drink in crowded restaurants and shops that not clear and street vendors and play games more than female in addition to bad habits such as put fingers in the mouth and biting nails all these lead to increasing infect with the parasite especially in male so that the male is more susceptible than female (16,17,18,19,20,15,21,22,23). While Heideri and Rokni (24) and Al-fatli (25) refer to the absence of a significant difference in the incidence of the infection between males and females and other studies, found that the per cent of disease in females is more than males (26,27).…”

Helicobacter pylori and epithelial mesenchymal transition in human gastric cancers: An update of the literature

“…For H. pylori to colonize the gastric mucosa, the bacteria migrates from epithelial to the basal layer driven by chemotaxis with a pH closer to 7.0. There are 4–7 polar sheathed flagella that achieve this process [ 21 ]. Once the migration occurs, in the next stage adhesin-receptor interaction takes place.…”

The Pathogenesis of Giardia Intestinalis

“…During this process, metabolism begins to slow down as the cells close and enter a resting state. Eventually, the cysts are eliminated with the host's feces [11].…”