Helicobacter: Inflammation, immunology, and vaccines

Abstract

Helicobacter pylori infection induces a chronic gastric inflammation which can lead to gastric ulcers and cancer. The mucosal immune response to H. pylori is first initiated by the activation of gastric epithelial cells that respond to numerous bacterial factors, such as the cytotoxin-associated gene A or the lipopolysaccharide intermediate heptose-1,7-bisphosphate. The response of these cells is orchestrated by different receptors including the intracellular nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 or the extracellular epidermal growth factor receptor. This nonspecific response leads to recruitment and activation of various myeloid (macrophages and dendritic cells) and T cells (T helper-17 and mucosal-associated invariant T cells), which magnify and maintain inflammation. In this review, we summarize the major advances made in the past year regarding the induction, the regulation, and the role of the innate and adaptive immune responses to H. pylori infection. We also recapitulate efforts that have been made to develop efficient vaccine strategies.

Lactobacillus plantarum induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cells via modulation of signaling pathways in Helicobacter pylori

“…After harvesting and filtering the co-cultured condition the H. pylori bacteria, there is still no effective vaccine(s) available to control the infection. 11 Various groups in the world work to construct efficient vaccine(s) against the H. pylori infection and several of these deigned constructs are being evaluated in different clinical trial phases. 12,13 More recently, probiotics have been considered as a novel tool for controlling H. pylori infections.…”

Impact of nitric oxide's bidirectional role on glaucoma: focus onHelicobacter pylori–related nitrosative stress

“…Behaving as microbiota, Hp and its virulent products induce lasting chronic gastrointestinal inflammatory processes and systemic inflammatory reactions by orchestrating and modifying the character of immune system responses. Therefore, it contributes to the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal and systemic disorders …”

Is Helicobacter pylori associated with Behçet's syndrome? A meta‐analysis

“…The frequency of gastrointestinal involvement varies from 2.8% to 60% among different countries . Helicobacter pylori ( H pylori ) is a widespread bacterium typically infecting the gastric mucosa, which can also cause immune response and produce systemic effect . H pylori has been proposed as a culprit of various extragastrointestinal tract symptoms .…”

“…[5][6][7][8] Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) is a widespread bacterium typically infecting the gastric mucosa, which can also cause immune response and produce systemic effect. 9 H pylori has been proposed as a culprit of various extragastrointestinal tract symptoms. 10 H pylori is considered as a vital factor for recurrent oral aphthous ulceration.…”