Ilyenkov was, as far as I know, not aware of the fact that in March to April 1841, at the age of 22, Karl Marx made extensive transcriptions in Latin from Spinoza, together with other philosophers as I outline below, as part of his reading for his doctoral thesisThe Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature. These notebooks were published by Dietz Verlag in the GDR in 1976, a year before Ilyenkov's death, in two volumes (Marx, 1976). Volume 1 contains Marx's transcriptions in Latin and German; Volume II contains translations from Latin into German, and notes, the "Apparat". A translation into French, by Maximilien Rubel, with an Introduction by Rubel, appeared in 1977(Rubel 1977.My own interest in Spinoza was sparked by reading, in the early 1980s, one of the later works of E. V. Ilyenkov (1924Ilyenkov ( -1979, for me the most interesting of the philosophers working in the USSR, namely his Dialectical Logic, especially Essay Two, "Thought as an Attribute of Extension" (Ilyenkov 1977). Ilyenkov also made extensive reference to Spinoza 3 in the first two sections of Chapter One of the revised version, for translation into German in 1979, of The Dialectics of the Abstract and Concrete in Marx's Capital (Abstract and Concrete), first published in Russian in 1960, and in English in 1982. It is a curious fact, to which I will return, that all Ilyenkov's references in Dialectical Logic but one, are to Spinoza's Ethics, with one reference to On the Improvement of the Understanding (Improvement), while all the references in Abstract and Concrete are to Spinoza's Improvement. I wonder whether Ilyenkov only had Volume 1 of the two volume Selected Works of Spinoza.I am very grateful to the participants in the Helsinki seminar, and to Andrey Maidansky and Vesa Oittinen for their acute and insightful comments on earlier drafts of this chapter. All errors are, of course, my own.