Heel pad thickness: determination by high-resolution ultrasonography.

Gooding, Gretchen A. W.; Stress, R M; Gräf, Peter; Grünfeld, Carl

doi:10.7863/jum.1985.4.4.173

Cited by 63 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…Compared with those using ultrasound imaging system to measure plantar tissue thickness technique (Gooding et al 1985, 1986, Furumizo et al 1990, Morag et al 1997, this pen-size probe was of lower cost. The results of tissue thickness and Young's modulus so obtained were straightforward for interpretation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biomechanical assessment of plantar foot tissue in diabetic patients using an ultrasound indentation system

Zheng

Choi

Wong

et al. 2000

Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology

141

120

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The biomechanical properties of plantar tissues were investigated for four older neuropathic diabetic patients and four normal younger subjects. Indentation tests were performed at four high pressure areas with three postures in each subject. The tissue thickness and effective Young's modulus were measured by an ultrasound indentation system. The system comprised a pen-size probe having an ultrasound transducer at the tip and a load cell connected in series with it. Results showed that the plantar soft tissues of the elderly diabetic patients were significantly stiffer and thinner when compared with the normal young subjects.For the diabetic subjects tested, the Young's modulus at the 1st metatarsal head was significantly larger than those at the other three sites. This site dependence was not observed in the normal young subjects. The plantar tissue became significantly stiffer in the normal young subjects as a result of posture changes. This posture dependence of the Young's modulus was not established for the elderly diabetic group.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The bone structure can be obtained by radiograph (Cavanagh et al 1993). The plantar tissue thickness can be measured by ultrasound technique (Gooding et al 1985, 1986, Furumizo et al 1990). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical assessment of plantar foot tissue in diabetic patients using an ultrasound indentation system

Zheng

Choi

Wong

et al. 2000

Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology

141

120

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…While this fat pad, also known as corpus adiposum, works as shock absorber and dampens the ground reaction forces during weight-bearing activities like standing and walking, the skin has another important role to prevent tear and to work as an impermeable barrier to protect the underlying soft tissue [1]. Reported heel pad thickness varies from 12.5 to 24.5mm in different studies [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] using different imaging modalities including ultrasound [2][3][4], magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [5] and radiography [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viscoelasticity in Foot-Ground Interaction

Naemi¹,

Behforootan²,

Chatzistergos³

et al. 2016

Viscoelastic and Viscoplastic Materials

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Mechanical properties of the plantar soft tissue, which acts as the interface between the skeleton and the ground, play an important role in distributing the force underneath the foot and in influencing the load transfer to the entire body during weight-bearing activities. Hence, understanding the mechanical behaviour of the plantar soft tissue and the mathematical equations that govern such behaviour can have important applications in investigating the effect of disease and injuries on soft tissue function. The plantar soft tissue of the foot shows a viscoelastic behaviour, where the reaction force is not only dependent on the amount of deformation but also influenced by the deformation rate. This chapter provides an insight into the mechanical behaviour of plantar soft tissue during loading with specific emphasis on heel pad, which is the first point of contact during normal gait. Furthermore, the methods of assessing the mechanical behaviour including the in vitro/in situ and in vivo are discussed, and examples of creep, stress relaxation, rate dependency and hysteresis behaviour of the heel pad are shown. In addition, the viscoelastic models that represent the mechanical behaviour of the plantar soft tissue under load along with the equations that govern this behaviour are elaborated and discussed.

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“…124 In addition to the fact that clawed toes increase the likelihood of dorsal ulceration from footwear, it is hypothesized that the soft tissue "metatarsal cushions" 125 are displaced distally, leaving the condyles of the MTHs exposed. Gooding and colleagues 126,127 have investigated tissue thickness under the MTHs using ultrasound, but the results have been inconclusive. Young and colleagues 128 describe significantly reduced plantar tissue thickness in both neuropathic diabetic patients and those with rheumatoid arthritis and metatarsalgia.…”

Section: Structural Alterationsmentioning

confidence: 97%