Heavy Metals Contaminants in Watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. BR.): Toxicity and Risk Assessment for Humans along the Swat River Basin, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Khan, Nasrullah; Khan, Jawad; Ullah, Rafi; Ali, Karamat; Jones, David Aaron; Khan, Muhammad Ezaz Hasan

doi:10.3390/su14084690

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…Whereas we detected no obvious anomaly (any significant high value) in the distribution of Cu near urban areas, the distributions of Hg, Cd, and Pb have clearly been influenced to varying extents by the human activities in urban areas and the quarrying of building stone. This view is consistent with the conclusion of Khan N et al [65] on heavy metals in soils along the Swat River Basin, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Specifically, in the granite-rich region to the north of the study area, we obtained notably low values for As and Pb, whereas Cd, Cr, Hg, and Ni showed mixed distribution patterns of low and medium-high abundance.…”

Section: Correlation and Spatial Distribution Of Heavy Metalssupporting

confidence: 92%

Spatial Distribution, Pollution Characteristics, and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils from a Typical Agricultural County, East China

Liu

et al. 2022

Agriculture

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This study collected 1135 topsoil samples of cultivated land in Laiyang County, eastern China, to analyze the distribution, pollution and health risks of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn). The results show that: (1) the levels of eight heavy metals at some sites were higher than the risk screening values in China, and there was heavy metal pollution. (2) An improved geoaccumulation index was used to evaluate soil pollution. The average value of Igeo before and after improvement was 0.32 (Iml, no pollution to medium pollution) and −0.04 (Iol, no pollution), respectively. (3) Hg and Cd were identified as the main contributors to ecological risk in this study, with a cumulative ecological risk contribution percentage > 65%. The results of the potential ecological risk index (PERI) show that 9.3% of the sampling sites were considered to have moderate ecological risk. (4) As, Pb, Ni and Cu made a contribution of >95% in terms of non-carcinogenic risk to adults and children through different exposure routes, and different soil intake routes posed no non-carcinogenic risk to adults; there was a sampling site with HQChildren > 1, which was consistent with the non-carcinogenic risk site, indicating that children in this location and surrounding areas are more likely to face dual health risks. Therefore, it is necessary to promote the risk management of heavy metals in the study area in order to safely use soil resources.

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Section: Correlation and Spatial Distribution Of Heavy Metalssupporting

confidence: 92%

Spatial Distribution, Pollution Characteristics, and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils from a Typical Agricultural County, East China

Liu

et al. 2022

Agriculture

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“…However, the results of this study were approximately 2 times higher than those results. In Pakistan, Cd levels ranging from 0.02 to 0.05 were found from the consumption of watercress green vegetables grown in swampy areas, all of which were lower than this present results (Khan et al, 2022). The HQ values of Pb exposure rates were in the following order in the adult population: 0.14 for GO, 0.12 for RC, and 0.10 for CL.…”

Section: Lead (Pb) Exposure Via Leafy Vegetables Ingestioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

Health risk assessment of toxic metals in commonly consumed salad leafy vegetables in Bangkok

Hlyan

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The objectives of this study were 1) to investigate concentrations of toxic metals including As, Cd, and Pb in the commonly consumed salad leafy vegetables which were sold in Bangkok, and 2) to assess potential human health risks of As, Cd, and Pb exposure via salad leafy vegetables consumption. A total of 120 samples were randomly collected from local fresh markets in Bangkok. The total concentrations of toxic metals were determined by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Total concentrations of As, Cd and Pb in coral lettuce (CL), red coral (RC) and green oak (GO) for soil cultivation varied from 0.0207 to 0.2603 mg/kg, 0.0280 to 2.4862 mg/kg, and 0.0174 to 0.5314 mg/kg, respectively. For the hydroponic vegetables, total concentrations of As, Cd and Pb ranged from 0.0225 to 0.0943 mg/kg, 0.0223 to 0.4168 mg/kg, and 0.0095 to 0.3091 mg/kg, respectively. According to the health risk assessment, the HQ values of As, Cd, and Pb ranked in the following order: adults > adolescents > children. For soil cultivation, the average HQ values of As, Cd and Pb were 0.19 to 0.80, 0.24 to 2.29, and 0.04 to 0.14. Meanwhile, the average HQ values of As, Cd and Pb exposure from the hydroponically grown salad vegetables were 0.13 to 0.30, 0.11 to 0.38, and 0.02 to 0.08, respectively. According to the HQ values, Cd in RC consumption was higher than the acceptable non-cancer risk of 1 (HQ?1). On the other hand, the GO and CL were safe for consumption as the HQ values for As and Pb were lower than 1 (HQ<1). As a consequence of the regular lettuce consumption, the adult population may develop non-cancer health risks (e.g., diabetes, kidney disease, and heart attack). �

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“…The synthesis of N α -acetyl-S-(N-phenethylthiocarbamoyl)-glutathione (PEITC-NAC conjugate; the end-product of PEITC metabolism through the mercapturic acid pathway) produced a good yield, while its purity was assessed via UPLC-MS/MS (Figure S1), 1 H-(Figure S2A) and 13 C-NMR (Figure S2B).…”

Section: Synthesis Of Phenethyl Isothiocyanate-n-acetyl Cysteine Adductmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/antiox13010082/s1, Figure S1: Mass spectrum of the synthesized PEITC-NAC conjugate. Figure S2: 1 H-NMR (A) and 13 C-NMR (B) spectra of N α -acetyl-S-(N-phenethylthiocarbamoyl)-glutathione at 500 MHz and 100 MHz in DMSO-d 6 respectively. Table S1: Multiple reaction monitoring conditions for N α -acetyl-S-(N-phenethylthiocarbamoyl)glutathione in UPLC-MS/MS analysis.…”

Section: Supplementary Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) belongs to the Brassicaceae family and it is a wellknown aquatic plant due to its high content of phytochemicals with high nutritional impact including polyphenols (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, isorhamnetin, protocatechuic acid and chlorogenic acid), minerals (Ca, K, Zn, Fe), vitamins (A, B, C, D and K), soluble sugars and proteins, among others [1][2][3]. One of the most valuable secondary metabolites is phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Naturally Derived Phenethyl Isothiocyanate Modulates Induction of Oxidative Stress via Its N-Acetylated Cysteine Conjugated form in Malignant Melanoma

Kyriakou,

Demosthenous,

Amery

et al. 2024

Antioxidants

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Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) is a secondary metabolic product yielded upon the hydrolysis of gluconasturtiin and it is highly accumulated in the flowers of watercress. The aim of the current study was to assess the role of a naturally derived PEITC-enriched extract in the induction of oxidative stress and to evaluate its anti-melanoma potency through the regulation of its metabolism with the concurrent production of the N-acetyl cysteine conjugated by-product. For this purpose, an in vitro melanoma model was utilized consisting of human primary (A375) cells as well as metastatic (COLO-679) malignant melanoma cells together with non-tumorigenic immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT). Cytotoxicity was assessed via the Alamar Blue assay whereas the antioxidant/prooxidant activity of PEITC was determined via spectrophotometric assays. Finally, kinetic characterization of the end-product of PEITC metabolism was monitored via UPLC coupled to a tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Our results indicate that although PhEF showed very minor antioxidant activity in a cell-free system, in a cell-based system, it can modulate the activity of key enzyme(s) involved in cellular antioxidant defense mechanism(s). In addition, we have shown that PhEF induces lipid and protein oxidation in a concentration-dependent manner, while its cytotoxicity is not only dependent on PEITC itself but also on its N-acetylated cysteine conjugated form.

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Heavy Metals Contaminants in Watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. BR.): Toxicity and Risk Assessment for Humans along the Swat River Basin, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Cited by 6 publications

References 91 publications

Spatial Distribution, Pollution Characteristics, and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils from a Typical Agricultural County, East China

Spatial Distribution, Pollution Characteristics, and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils from a Typical Agricultural County, East China

Health risk assessment of toxic metals in commonly consumed salad leafy vegetables in Bangkok

Naturally Derived Phenethyl Isothiocyanate Modulates Induction of Oxidative Stress via Its N-Acetylated Cysteine Conjugated form in Malignant Melanoma

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