Heavy metal accumulation in Lathyrus sativus growing in contaminated soils and identification of symbiotic resistant bacteria

Characterization of rhizosphere and endophytic bacteria from roots of maize (Zea mays L.) plant irrigated with wastewater with biotechnological potential in agriculture

“…In confirmation of our results, in previous studies, heavy metal–resistant bacteria have been isolated from heavy metals-contaminated environments [ 39 ]. For example, in a previous study [ 40 ], a total of 22 bacterial isolates were isolated from the rhizosphere of cauliflower plant grown in heavy metals–contaminated environment.…”

Phytoremediation: a sustainable environmental technology for heavy metals decontamination

“…Exposed to HMs plants have developed several mechanisms to detoxify the adverse effect of HMs to continue their normal growth and metabolic activities. Two principal strategies are employed by plants to protect their organs from toxic HMs [1] restricting the uptake of HMs and [2] accumulation with tolerance mechanism applications. In the first type, the level of HMs is reduced by limiting the absorption of metals by precipitation.…”

“…On the basis of metal concentration in their tissues, plant species can be divided into 3 groups [1] HM accumulator species, [2] HM indicator species and [3] HM excluder species [14]. The accumulator species; plants are able to uptake very high contents of HMs (in shoots or roots) exceeding the levels in the soil.…”

“…Plants suitable for phytoremediation have four important characteristics: [1] rapid growth and high biomass [2] profound root system, [3] easily harvestable and [4] accumulation of high levels of HMs in shoots. Hyper-accumulator plants are generally relatively rare in the nature and are widespread in contaminated soils, signifying that hyper-accumulation is an important eco-physiological trait to HMs resistance and one of the indicators of toxin adaptation [111].…”

“…The HMs can be stocked into plant organs, transformed or be volatilized in atmosphere through stomatal leaves [85,146]. Plants uptake HMs from the rhizospheric system by two mechanisms: [1] symplastic pathway via plasma membrane of cell roots by specific ion channels or [2] by apoplastic pathway between cell wall (intercellular compartment) [65,168]. Several kinds of metal transporters which are involved in HMs homeostasis were identified in the plasma membrane such as the Zn/Fe permeases (ZIP), the natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins (Nramp), the cation exchangers (CAXs), cation diffusion facilitators (CDF) and ATP-binding cassettes (ABC) [163].…”