Heat treatment simulation of Ti-6Al-4V parts produced by selective laser melting

Cardon, Amandine; Mareau, Charles; Ayed, Yessine; Veen, Sjoerd van der; Giraud, Eliane; Santo, Philippe Dal

doi:10.1016/j.addma.2020.101766

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…Metal additive manufacturing is one of the most difficult and advanced additive manufacturing technologies; among metal additive manufacturing technologies, direct energy deposition (DED) [ 24 , 25 ] and powder bed fusion (PBF) [ 26 , 27 ] techniques are the most widely used. Powder bed fusion (PBF) is an additive manufacturing technology used to produce metal parts from metal powder raw materials with two types of input energy: laser and electron [ 28 , 29 , 30 ]. Among these, LPBF has become a key technology for metal additive manufacturing because of its excellent mechanical properties and high accuracy of formed parts [ 31 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Visual Measurement Methods for Metal Vaporization Processes in Laser Powder Bed Fusion

et al. 2023

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Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is of great importance for the visual measurement and analysis of the metallization process, which is the process of solid, liquid, and gas phase transformations of metal powders under high-energy laser irradiation due to the low boiling point/high saturated vapor pressure. Since the evaporation of metals involves the interaction of driving forces such as vapor back pressure, surface tension, and gravity, the movement of the melt pool is not stable. At the same time, it also produces vaporization products such as vapor plumes and sprays, which cause defects such as bubbles, porosity, lack of fusion, inclusions, etc., during the manufacturing process of the parts, affecting the performance and manufacturing quality of the parts. More and more researchers are using imaging technologies, such as high-speed X-ray, high-speed visible light cameras, and high-speed schlieren imaging, to perform noncontact visual measurements and analyses of the melt pool, vapor plume, and spatter during the metal evaporation process, and the results show that the metal evaporation process can be suppressed by optimizing the process parameters and changing the processing atmosphere, thereby reducing part defects and improving part performance and built part quality. This paper reviews the research on metal evaporation mechanisms and visual measurement methods of metal evaporation, then discusses the measures of metal evaporation, and finally summarizes and prospects the future research hotspots of LPBF technology, according to the existing scholars’ research on numerical simulation analysis and visual measurement methods of the metal evaporation process.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Visual Measurement Methods for Metal Vaporization Processes in Laser Powder Bed Fusion

et al. 2023

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“…As shown in Figure 1, metal AM technologies can be divided into two categories, direct energy deposition (DED) and powder bed fusion (PBF) [14,15]. PBF is one of the AM technologies used to fabricate metal objects from powder feedstocks with two kinds of input energy: laser and electron [16][17][18]. In the printing process, the metal powder bed is melted by the high energy source with a designed pattern using a layer by layer printing strategy [19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure16. Spatter and other by-products pass through the laser stream and squander laser energy, condensate is the product of vaporized metal that quickly cools and condenses.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Spatter in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing: In Situ Detection, Generation, Effects, and Countermeasures

Yin

et al. 2022

Micromachines

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Spatter is an inherent, unpreventable, and undesired phenomenon in laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing. Spatter behavior has an intrinsic correlation with the forming quality in L-PBF because it leads to metallurgical defects and the degradation of mechanical properties. This impact becomes more severe in the fabrication of large-sized parts during the multi-laser L-PBF process. Therefore, investigations of spatter generation and countermeasures have become more urgent. Although much research has provided insights into the melt pool, microstructure, and mechanical property, reviews of spatter in L-PBF are still limited. This work reviews the literature on the in situ detection, generation, effects, and countermeasures of spatter in L-PBF. It is expected to pave the way towards a novel generation of highly efficient and intelligent L-PBF systems.

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“…Thus, a simple method of reducing coolant leakage is proposed in this study, integrating injection mold fabrication with general process parameters as well as solution and aging treatment (SAT). We evaluate the surface hardnesses of the test specimens before and after heat treatment [ 10 , 11 ]. A coolant leakage test experiment is performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the fabricated injection molds before and after heat treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Simple Method of Reducing Coolant Leakage for Direct Metal Printed Injection Mold with Conformal Cooling Channels Using General Process Parameters and Heat Treatment

Kuo

Qiu

2021

Materials

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Direct metal printing is a promising technique for manufacturing injection molds with complex conformal cooling channels from maraging steel powder, which is widely applied in automotive or aerospace industries. However, two major disadvantages of direct metal printing are the narrow process window and length of time consumed. The fabrication of high-density injection molds is frequently applied to prevent coolant leakage during the cooling stage. In this study, we propose a simple method of reducing coolant leakage for a direct-metal-printed injection mold with conformal cooling channels by combining injection mold fabrication with general process parameters, as well as solution and aging treatment (SAT). This study comprehensively investigates the microstructural evolution of the injection mold after SAT using field-emission scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. We found that the surface hardness of the injection mold was enhanced from HV 189 to HV 546 as the Ni-Mo precipitates increased from 12.8 to 18.5%. The size of the pores was reduced significantly due to iron oxide precipitates because the relative density of the injection mold increased from 99.18 to 99.72%. The total production time of the wax injection mold without coolant leakage during the cooling stage was only 62% that of the production time of the wax injection mold fabricated with high-density process parameters. A significant savings of up to 46% of the production cost of the injection mold was obtained.

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Heat treatment simulation of Ti-6Al-4V parts produced by selective laser melting

Cited by 6 publications

References 29 publications

Review of Visual Measurement Methods for Metal Vaporization Processes in Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Review of Visual Measurement Methods for Metal Vaporization Processes in Laser Powder Bed Fusion

A Review of Spatter in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing: In Situ Detection, Generation, Effects, and Countermeasures

A Simple Method of Reducing Coolant Leakage for Direct Metal Printed Injection Mold with Conformal Cooling Channels Using General Process Parameters and Heat Treatment

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