Heat shock proteins and antioxidants as mechanisms of response to ivermectin in the dung beetle Euoniticellus intermedius

Ivermectin impacts on dung beetle diversity and their ecological functions in two distinct Brazilian ecosystems

“…In this sense, as the pastures in the Pantanal have received the effects of Ivermectin use longer than those in the Amazon, more pronounced long‐term consequences for beetle assemblages (species richness, abundance and body mass), and ecosystem functioning are found in the Pantanal (Verdú et al, 2018). Dung beetle assemblage resistance to Ivermectin residues: Regarding the long‐term scenario, it is important to consider that dung beetles exhibit physiological mechanisms when facing VMPs, such as Ivermectin (Villada‐Bedoya et al, 2021). Indeed, it was observed that the use of Ivermectin had adverse effects on Copris incertus (Reich, 1848) and Euoniticellus intermedius (Reich, 1848) whereas the effects were positive for Digitonthophagus gazella (Fabricius, 1787) (see Villada‐Bedoya et al, 2019).…”

“…Regarding the long-term scenario, it is important to consider that dung beetles exhibit physiological mechanisms when facing VMPs, such as Ivermectin (Villada-Bedoya et al, 2021). Indeed, it was observed that the use of Ivermectin had adverse effects on Copris incertus (Reich, 1848) and Euoniticellus intermedius (Reich, 1848) whereas the effects were positive for Digitonthophagus gazella (Fabricius, 1787) (see Villada-Bedoya et al, 2019).…”

“…Dung beetles are sensitive to veterinary drugs, such as Ivermectin, due to their coprophagous habit (Errouissi et al, 2001; Wardhaugh et al, 2001). Indeed, many studies have demonstrated the clear negative effects of Ivermectin on dung beetle behaviour, diversity, and negative individual health (Cruz Rosales et al, 2012; Martínez et al, 2017; Verdú et al, 2015; Villada‐Bedoya et al, 2021), negative effects reported at the community level (Ambrožová et al, 2021; Pecenka & Lundgren, 2019; Verdú et al, 2018) and hindered ecosystem functioning (Ambrožová et al, 2021; Verdú et al, 2018). However, most of the studies were performed in Europe and the United States (see a review in Lumaret et al, 2012; Junco et al, 2021) and more recently in Mexico (Basto‐Estrella et al, 2014; Cruz Rosales et al, 2012; Villada‐Bedoya et al, 2019, 2021).…”

Environmental and ecotoxicological effects of drugs used for the treatment of COVID 19

“…The terrestrial ecosystems' contamination occurs because this compound's residues continue to be discharged into the soil through sewage irrigation and contaminated manure (Zhao et al, 2019). This compound is an antiparasitic widely used in livestock; animals excrete it through manure and negatively affect the survival and reproduction of organisms that degrade manure, such as dung beetles and entomopathogenic nematodes (González-Tokman et al, 2017;Villada-Bedoya et al, 2021). Ivermectin affects the survival of Pristionchus maupasi (Kar et al, 2020), Eisenia fétida (Zhao et al, 2019), Folsomia candida (Guimarães et al, 2019), Hypoaspis aculeifer (Römbke et al, 2010), Thorectes lusitanicus (Verdú et al, 2020), Sepsis punctum (Conforti et al, 2018), Enchytraeus crypticus, Folsomia fimetaria, Hypogastrura assimilis (Jensen and Scott-Fordsmand, 2012), among others.…”

“…This situation has led to greater attention being paid to the toxic effects that their presence in the environment could trigger, so several ecotoxicity studies have been conducted (Römbke et al, 2010;Syslová et al, 2019;Vokřál et al, 2019;Villada-Bedoya et al, 2021) or in species communities (Brinke et al, 2010). This allows us to understand the magnitude of this compound's damage to the terrestrial ecosystem.…”