Heat resistance of Bacillus cereus emetic toxin, cereulide

Rajković, Andreja; Uyttendaele, Mieke; Vermeulen, An; Andjelković, Mirjana; Fitz-James, Ife; Veld, P. in't; Denon, Quenten; Verhé, Roland; Debevere, Johan

doi:10.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02350.x

Cited by 131 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Because the emetic toxin is preformed in food and is not inactivated by heat treatment (2,23), it is important to prevent B. cereus growth and its cereulide production during storage. This toxin production is closely linked to temperature (9) and is not strictly correlated with bacterial counts, as recently demonstrated by Delbrassinne et al (5; unpublished).…”

Section: Case Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sudden Death of a Young Adult Associated with Bacillus cereus Food Poisoning

et al. 2011

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A lethal intoxication case, which occurred in Brussels, Belgium, is described. A 20-year-old man died following the ingestion of pasta contaminated with Bacillus cereus. Emetic strains of B. cereus were isolated, and high levels of cereulide (14.8 g/g) were found in the spaghetti meal. CASE REPORTOn 1 October 2008, a 20-year-old man became sick after eating a meal of leftovers of spaghetti with tomato sauce, which had been prepared 5 days before and left in the kitchen at room temperature. After school, he warmed the spaghetti in the microwave oven. Immediately after eating, he left home for his sports activities, but he returned 30 min later because of headache, abdominal pain, and nausea. At his arrival, he vomited profusely for several hours and at midnight had two episodes of watery diarrhea. He did not receive any medication and drank only water. After midnight, he fell asleep. The next morning at 11:00 AM, his parents were worried because he did not get up. When they went to his room, they found him dead.Legal examination determined the time of death, presumably at 4:00 AM, approximately 10 h after ingestion of the suspected meal. An autopsy could not be performed until 5 days later. Macroscopically, brownish and moderately softened liver and ascites (550 ml of citrine liquid) were found. The heart was macroscopically normal. A total lysis of the pancreas was also found, but it could not be excluded that this finding was due to the autopsy delay.Microscopic findings were as follows: moderate centrolobular liver necrosis without inflammatory signs and discrete biliary stasis, significant vascular congestion of the lungs, probably due to acute cardiac insufficiency, significant necrosis from all layers of colon mucosa and submucosa alternating with betterpreserved zones, and mixed intestinal flora but no evidence of invasive bacterial lesions. Significant lysis of the adrenal glands was also reported. The exact cause of death could not be determined by the autopsy because the interpretation of findings was very difficult due to the autopsy delay.Five fecal swabs and two feces samples were taken postmortem, and samples were tested for the presence of Bacillus cereus by growth on mannitol egg yolk polymyxin (MYP) agar. B. cereus was found in only two of the five fecal swabs, and the strains isolated were named ISP321 and ISP322. No B. cereus was cultured from the feces samples. Pasta and tomato sauce samples, the leftovers of the dinner, were also sent for analysis to the National Reference Laboratory for Food-borne Outbreaks (NRLFBO). For enumeration of B. cereus in food samples, the ISO 7932 method (16) was used. Significant B. cereus counts (9.5 ϫ 10 7 CFU/g) were found in the pasta, while B. cereus was absent in the tomato sauce. The strain isolated from the pasta meal was named ISP303.PCR assays that detect the presence of toxin genes were applied to DNA from the pasta isolate (ISP303) and the two human isolates (ISP321 and ISP322), and the results are presented in Table 1. The presence of genes encoding ...

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Section: Case Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sudden Death of a Young Adult Associated with Bacillus cereus Food Poisoning

et al. 2011

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“…Severe attack of nausea and vomiting within 5 h after having the meal containing performed toxin (cereulid) is the characteristic feature of the emetic syndrome. Cereulid is a small molecular weight toxin encoded by ces gene; this toxin is not inactivated during food preparation and processing or gastrointestinal passage due to its high durability against heat treatments, pH extremes and proteolytic degradation (Rajkovic et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of B. Cereus and Some of Its Virulence Genes in Some Dairy Desserts and Children Diarrhea

El‐Zamkan¹,

Mubarak²

2017

AJVS

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Key words: B. cereus, Dairy desserts, Diarrhea and virulence genesB. cereus is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen that is found in most of the cases to be responsible for food-borne outbreaks. This study aimed to detect and quantify B. cereus in dairy desserts that locally manufactured and sold in different localities in Qena city, also to take an image about the role that is may be played by these products in causing foodborne illness by detection of B. cereus in diarrheal samples collected from the same regions from which the food samples are obtained. A total of 120 samples of ice-cream, mahallbia, rice and milk and diarrhea (30 samples each) were examined for presence of B. cereus. The results obtained in this study revealed detection of B. cereus in 55.6 and 40% of dairy dessert and diarrhea samples, respectively. B. cereus could be counted in 30, 60 and 76.7% of ice-cream, mahallbia and rice and milk samples with mean values of 3.5× 10 4 ±1.5× 10 4 , 6.3×10 5 ±1.9×10 5 and 1.4×10 7 ±6.6× 10 6 CFU/g, respectively. The possibility of involvement of theses dairy dessert samples in food poisoning cases was reinforced especially after detection the virulence genes of B. cereus isolates. It was found that 80, 44 and 24% of B. cereus isolates recovered from food samples harbored nhe, hbl and cytK genes, receptively including 55.6, 33.3 and 0% for ice-cream isolates; 83.3, 50 and 44.4% for mahallbia isolates and 86.9, 43.5 and 17.4% for rice and milk isolates. While for diarrhea samples, 75% of B. cereus isolates obtained from diarrhea samples carried nhe and cytK, respectively and 50% were found to be positive for hbl gene. Neither of the isolates that obtained from dairy dessert nor those obtained from diarrhea samples was positive for presence of ces gene.

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“…(16). Cereulide is a heat-stable toxin (4,21,24,27) and is synthesized enzymatically by a nonribosomal peptide synthesis (NRPS) whose genetic determinants are located on the pCERE01 plasmid of the B. cereus emetic strain Kinrooi 5975c (9), the pBC270 element from B. cereus strain AH187 (23), and the pBCE4810 plasmid from B. cereus reference strain F4810/72 (8). These elements contain a 23-kb gene cluster (ces) involved in the cereulide synthesis.…”

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confidence: 99%

Antifungal Activity Displayed by Cereulide, the Emetic Toxin Produced by Bacillus cereus

Ladeuze

Lentz

Delbrassinne

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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In this study, the fungistatic activity of Bacillus cereus cereulide-producing strains was demonstrated against nine fungal species. The role of cereulide was confirmed using plasmid-cured derivatives and ces knockout mutants. The fungistatic spectra of cereulide and valinomycin, a chemically related cyclododecadepsipeptide, were also compared and found to be similar but distinct.Food poisoning by emetic Bacillus cereus strains has been shown to cause fatal liver failure (6,15,25). Cereulide, the emetic toxin of B. cereus, is a cyclic dodecadepsipeptide composed of three repetitions of two amino acids and two hydroxyIts chemical structure is closely related to that of valinomycin, which is produced by various Streptomyces spp. (16). Cereulide is a heat-stable toxin (4,21,24,27) and is synthesized enzymatically by a nonribosomal peptide synthesis (NRPS) whose genetic determinants are located on the pCERE01 plasmid of the B. cereus emetic strain Kinrooi 5975c (9), the pBC270 element from B. cereus strain AH187 (23), and the pBCE4810 plasmid from B. cereus reference strain F4810/72 (8). These elements contain a 23-kb gene cluster (ces) involved in the cereulide synthesis. The two largest genes, named cesA (ϳ10 kb) and cesB (ϳ8 kb), lead to the incorporation and modification of D-O-Leu, D-Ala (cesA), L-O-Val, and D-Val (cesB), which compose the basic tetradepsipeptide motif of cereulide (7,14).Cereulide can cause stomach pain and vomiting, respiratory distress, and occasional loss of consciousness, possibly leading to coma and ultimately death of the individual (6). This toxin is also an ionophoric molecule with a high degree of affinity for K ϩ ions (26). It is lipophilic and specifically targets mitochondrial membranes (4), where it leads to cellular dysfunctions, such as swelling mitochondria and blocking oxidative phosphorylation (2, 17).It has been shown that valinomycin and cereulide display similar activities, since they block the motility of boar spermatozoa through the dissipation of mitochondrial internal membrane potential, a property often used for the detection of cereulide (3, 4, 22, 23a). Given these similarities, it was interesting to consider the known activities of valinomycin to hypothesize on the actual "raison d'être" of cereulide. Valinomycin is toxic for some insects, nematodes, and Gram-positive bacteria at very low concentrations (18,19,20). Although the antifungal activity of valinomycin has been reported (18), Altayar and Sutherland (1) showed that cereulide does not have any antifungal activity on rich medium. Since fungi are ubiquitous organisms living in the same environment as B. cereus (11, 12), a possible competition between these organisms could, however, be expected. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential antifungal activity of three emetic B. cereus strains and to highlight the specific contribution of cereulide using isogenic cereulide-producing and cereulide-minus (cured or mutated) strains. Comparison with the antifungal activity spectrum of valinomycin was also ...

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Heat resistance of Bacillus cereus emetic toxin, cereulide

Cited by 131 publications

References 28 publications

Sudden Death of a Young Adult Associated with Bacillus cereus Food Poisoning

Sudden Death of a Young Adult Associated with Bacillus cereus Food Poisoning

Detection of B. Cereus and Some of Its Virulence Genes in Some Dairy Desserts and Children Diarrhea

Antifungal Activity Displayed by Cereulide, the Emetic Toxin Produced by Bacillus cereus

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