Heat Release Rate of Heavy Goods Vehicle Fire in Tunnels with Fixed Water Based Fire-Fighting System

Cheong, M. K.; Cheong, W.O.A.; Leong, K. W.; Lemaire, AD; Noordijk, Leander

doi:10.1007/s10694-013-0367-0

Cited by 43 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Literature results 17‐27,39‐41 on toxic gases data are used to compute the FED values from the four equations. These include the cone calorimeter data on PMMA, 18 PE, 19 PU and PA6, 23 pine needles, 20 and fir wood 27 ; full‐scale burning tests data on armchair, 17 cardboard boxes with ABS and PSF 25 ; tunnel full‐scale tests data on plastic pallets and wood pallets, 21 wood, PE and PU 22 ; fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) and others 39‐41 …”

Section: Measured Results Reported In Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many literature results are reported on toxic gases data 17‐27 measured by oxygen consumption method. Selected data of cone calorimeter on burning polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyethylene (PE), polyurethane (PU), polyamide 6 (PA6), pine needles, polyester PES, and fir wood; of full‐scale burning tests on armchair, polystyrene (PS) and PU, aircraft cabin, aerosol, wood, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), PS foam (PSF), and PES; and of tunnel full‐scale tests on plastic pallets, wood pallets, wood, PE, and n ‐hexane 17‐27 were used to calculate FED from different equations. An appropriate method is then proposed to review the available expressions of FED for assessing smoke toxicity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing smoke toxicity of burning combustibles by four expressions for fractional effective dose

Chow

Han

et al. 2020

Fire and Materials

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Summary Toxicity of smoke generated in a fire is difficult to measure accurately. That is because gas sensors for measuring rapidly varying concentrations of toxic gases are not yet developed. Simple expressions are searched for quick measurement in assessing smoke toxicity practically. Four equations on calculating fractional effective dose (FED) related to toxic effluents were reported in the literature, each based on different assumptions. FED value was proposed to be calculated based on peak carbon monoxide concentration and peak carbon dioxide concentration, and transient carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations. The four values were compared in this article using literature data on toxic gases from different materials measured by (i) cone calorimeter; (ii) full‐scale burning tests; and (iii) tunnel full‐scale tests. Measured carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations by standard equipment of oxygen consumption calorimeters were used to calculate the four FED values. It is found that the values of FED based on peak carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide concentrations (denoted as FED2) are similar to the average values of FED calculated from the updated equation in the literature using the oxygen consumption calorimeters. Putting the values of FED2 in fire safety design guides is then recommended.

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Section: Measured Results Reported In Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing smoke toxicity of burning combustibles by four expressions for fractional effective dose

Chow

Han

et al. 2020

Fire and Materials

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“…For trucks, the measured or estimated HRRs for heavy goods vehicles (HGV) are also given in Figure 28. These HGV tests include the EUREKA HGV fire test in 1992 [77], four HGV tests conducted in the Runehamar tunnel in 2003 by Ingason et al [78] and the LTA HGV test by Cheong et al [79,80]. Most HGV tests that have been carried out in tunnels use a mock-up simulating the cargo of a HGV trailer.…”

Section: Analysis Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of fire and explosion hazards of alternative fuel vehicles in tunnels

2019

Fire Safety Journal

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An investigation of fire and explosion hazards of different types of alternative fuel vehicles in tunnels is presented. The different fuels are divided into four types: liquid fuels, liquefied fuels, compressed gases, and electricity, and detailed parameters are obtained. Three types of fire hazards for the alternative fuel vehicles: pool fires, jet fires and fireballs are identified and investigated in detail. From the perspective of pool fire size, the liquid fuels pose equivalent or even much lower fire hazards compared to the traditionally used fuels, but the liquefied fuels may pose higher hazards. For pressurized tanks, the fires are generally much larger in size but shorter in duration. The gas releases from pressure relief devices and the resulting jet fires are highly transient. For hydrogen vehicles, the fire sizes are significantly higher compared to CNG tanks, while flame lengths only slighter longer. Investigation of the peak overpressure in case of an explosion in a tunnel was also carried out. The results showed that, for the vehicles investigated, the peak overpressure of tank rupture and BLEVE are mostly in a range of 0.1 to 0.36 bar at 50 m away. The situations in case of cloud explosion are mostly much more severe and intolerable. These hazards need to be carefully considered in both vehicle safety design and tunnel fire safety design. Further researches on these hazards are in urgent need.

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“…In the first step, the Kissinger 13 analysis method is used to obtain the E i and A i , which are determined from the significant reactions indicated on the TG experimental curves. The second step is to find the values of n i and c i according to the comparison of the calculated decomposition rates using equation (2) with the TG experimental results. The application of this method is illustrated in Figure 1, where j denotes the jth second, i is the ith component, t e is the total time to complete reactions and N is defined as the total number of components.…”

Section: Reaction Schemes and Kinetic Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parameterising study of tunnel experiment materials for application to the Fire Dynamics Simulator pyrolysis model

Wang

Fleischmann

Spearpoint

2016

Journal of Fire Sciences

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The pyrolysis model in Fire Dynamics Simulator version 6.1.2 is applied to numerically describe the decomposition and burning behaviour of two materials (wood and plastic) used to construct pallets as the fuel load in a large-scale tunnel fire experiment. The kinetic parameters for the wood and plastic are derived from thermogravimetric analyser experiments using genetic algorithm multiple-component scheme, hand calculation multiple-component scheme and genetic algorithm one-component scheme. The kinetic parameters along with other related thermal properties are used to simulate a series of cone calorimeter experiments. Results from these simulations found that the use of the different component schemes has a significant influence on the decomposition and burning behaviour predictions in Fire Dynamics Simulator version 6.1.2. However, irrespective of the component scheme, the burning behaviour prediction of the solids is also dependent on the thermal property settings. The predictions of the heat release rate curves are not always comparable to the cone calorimeter experimental curves under different external heat fluxes when a consistent set of thermal properties is used. The best results are obtained at incident heat fluxes of 35 kW/m2 for the plastic samples and 25 kW/m2 for the wood samples such that these are sufficient to enable simulation of the large-scale tunnel fire experiment in future work.

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Heat Release Rate of Heavy Goods Vehicle Fire in Tunnels with Fixed Water Based Fire-Fighting System

Cited by 43 publications

References 3 publications

Assessing smoke toxicity of burning combustibles by four expressions for fractional effective dose

Assessing smoke toxicity of burning combustibles by four expressions for fractional effective dose

Study of fire and explosion hazards of alternative fuel vehicles in tunnels

Parameterising study of tunnel experiment materials for application to the Fire Dynamics Simulator pyrolysis model

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