Health Risks Assessment of Heavy Metal from Consumption of Oreochromis Mossambicus and Oreochromis Niloticus in Denpasar, Bali

Abstract

Introduction: Heavy metals in the environment can accumulate in organisms through the food chain process. Previous studies recorded heavy metal concentrations above threshold limits value in Badung river, which warrants monitoring adverse health outcomes due to consuming fish from this river. This research aimed to estimate the potential risk from heavy metals exposure, namely Pb, Cd, Cu, and Cr, due to fish consumption. Methods: Fish samples were limited to Oreochromis Mossambicus and Oreochromis niloticus, commonly known as tilapia. Twenty samples of composite fish muscles were collected from three fishing sites. Subsequently, the heavy metals present in the samples were quantified using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), and health risks were assessed by calculating estimated daily intake (EDI) and target hazard quotient (THQ) for both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks. Results and Discussion: The average concentrations of Pb in Oreochromis Mossambicus (6.35±3.21 mg/kg) and Oreochromis niloticus (6.09±3.07 mg/kg) exceed the threshold limits value for fish products, but other heavy metals remain below. The average EDI from consuming Oreochromis Mossambicus with Pb is 0.0025-0.0026 mg/kg/days; Cu is 0.0037- 0.0062 mg/kg/day; Cr is 0.0001 mg/kg/day. EDI from consuming Oreochromis niloticus with Pb is 0.0015-0.0025 mg/kg/day; and 0.00 mg/kg/day for Cu and Cr. The THQ calculation for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks showed no health risk from consuming the fish from the Badung River. Conclusion: The study concludes that the consumption of Oreochromis Mossambicus and Oreochromis niloticus from the Badung River was generally safe from potential health risks.

Assessment of cooking methods and freezing on the nutritional value and health risks of heavy metals in four fish species consumed in Douala, Cameroon

“…The EDIs for lead, mercury, arsenic and copper are below the standards defined by USEPA [ 30 ], which are 2.5 × 10 −3 , 1.0 × 10 −3 , 0.2 × 10 −3 and 10 × 10 −3 mg/kg/day respectively. Similar results were obtained by Dwipayanti et al [ 89 ] on Oreochromis mossanbicus and Oreochromis niloticus , Adegbola et al [ 15 ] on Sarotherodon melanotheron . EDI reflects daily exposure to the heavy metal and is used to prevent any harmful effects on human health.…”

“…Magna et al [ 16 ] obtained THQ and HI values below 1 in O. niloticus from the Volta Bassin of Ghana. THQ values lower than 1 and HI values higher than 1 were obtained by Dwipayanti et al [ 89 ] on O. mossanbicus and O. niloticus . Adegbola et al [ 15 ] reported TQH and HI values greater than 1 on Sarotherodon melanotheron .…”

Kajian Kualitas Lingkungan dan Program Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat (STBM) Berbasis Sosial dan Ekonomi di Desa Karangsambung Kecamatan Karangsambung Kabupaten Kebumen

“…Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa seluruh responden telah memiliki jamban leher angsa. Hasil penelitian ini sesuai dengan penelitian 9 , tidak sejalan dengan hasil penelitian 10 . Tipe jamban dengan bentuk leher angsa merupakan tipe yang memenuhhi persyaratam sanitasi.…”