Health effects associated with foods characteristic of the Nordic diet: a systematic literature review

Abstract

BackgroundIn preparing the fifth edition of the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR), the scientific basis of specific food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) was evaluated.ObjectiveA systematic review (SR) was conducted to update the NNR evidence based on the association between the consumption of potatoes, berries, whole grains, milk and milk products, and red and processed meat, and the risk of major diet-related chronic diseases.DesignThe SR was based on predefined research questions and eligibility criteria for independent duplicate study selection, data extraction, and assessment of methodological quality and applicability. We considered scientific data from prospective observational studies and intervention studies, published since year 2000, targeting the general adult population. Studies of meat and iron status included children, adolescents, and women of childbearing age.ResultsBased on 7,282 abstracts, 57 studies met the quality criteria and were evidence graded. The data were too limited to draw any conclusions regarding: red and processed meat intake in relation to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and iron status; potatoes and berries regarding any study outcomes; and dairy consumption in relation to risk of breast cancer and CVD. However, dairy consumption seemed unlikely to increase CVD risk (moderate-grade evidence). There was probable evidence (moderate-grade) for whole grains protecting against type 2 diabetes and CVD, and suggestive evidence (low-grade) for colorectal cancer and for dairy consumption being associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes and increased risk of prostate cancer. The WCRF/AICR concludes that red and processed meat is a convincing cause of colorectal cancer.ConclusionsProbable (moderate) evidence was only observed for whole grains protecting against type 2 diabetes and CVD. We identified a clear need for high-quality nutritional epidemiological and intervention studies and for studies of foods of the Nordic diet.

Consumption of berries, fruits and vegetables and mortality among 10,000 Norwegian men followed for four decades

“…Even though berries generally contain a higher total amount of antioxidants than both fruits and vegetables [13], epidemiologic studies on berries and health are scarce [14], especially studies with a hard end-point [15]. Often studies include berries as a fruit [2,6,9].…”

Dietary patterns and whole grain cereals in the Scandinavian countries – differences and similarities. The HELGA project

“…Similarly, a Nordic Food Index has been suggested for the Nordic countries. In recent studies, a Nordic diet including fish, cabbages, whole grain rye, whole grain oat, apples/pears and root vegetables has also been related to a range of beneficial health effects (15)(16)(17)(18) .…”

Impact of Mediterranean Diet on Cancer: Focused Literature Review

“…Based on 57 studies. There was suggestive evidence (low-grade) for whole grains protecting against colorectal cancer (22) …”